AIM:Grazoprevir-Elbasvir联合对慢性丙肝(HCV)治疗抵抗患者有显著效果

2015-04-25 范伟译 MedSci原创

背景:新型无干扰素和无利巴韦林的方案用于治疗丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染的患者。目的:评估grazoprevir(NS3/4A蛋白酶抑制剂)和elbasvir(NS5A抑制剂)对治疗抵抗病人的安全性和有效性。设计: 随机、双盲、安慰剂对照试验。(临床试验. 政府:NCT02105467)。设置: 在美国,欧洲,澳大利亚,北欧和亚洲的60个中心。病人: 基因型1,4或6感染的肝硬化和非肝硬化治疗-抵抗

背景:新型无干扰素和无利巴韦林的方案用于治疗丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染的患者。

目的:评估grazoprevir(NS3/4A蛋白酶抑制剂)和elbasvir(NS5A抑制剂)对治疗抵抗病人的安全性和有效性。

设计: 随机、双盲、安慰剂对照试验。(临床试验. 政府:NCT02105467)。

设置: 在美国,欧洲,澳大利亚,北欧和亚洲的60个中心。

病人: 基因型1,4或6感染的肝硬化和非肝硬化治疗-抵抗的患者。

干预: 口服,每日一次,剂量固定的grazoprevir 100毫克/ elbasvir 50毫克,施药12周,以肝纤维化和基因型进行分组。病人被随机分配为3:1立即或延迟治疗。

评测: 治疗后12周时立即治疗组患者达到持续病毒学应答率(SVR12)的比例;两组不良反应。

结果: 在421名受试者中,194(46%)是女性,157(37%)非白人,382(91%)有基因型1感染,和92(22%)有肝硬化。316名患者立即接受治疗,316名中299(95%(95% CI,92%到97%))达到SVR12,包括157中的144(92%(CI,86%到96%))有基因型1a,131名中129(99%(CI,95%到100%))有基因型1 b,18名中18(100%(CI,82%到100%))有基因型4,10名中的8 (80%(CI,44%到98%))有基因型6,70名中的68(97%(CI,90%到100%))有肝硬化,246名中的231(94%(CI,90%到97%))没有肝硬化。病毒学失败发生在13例(4%)病人上,包括1例突发感染和12例复发,与基线NS5A的多态性和意外的NS3或NS5A突变或两者兼有是有关联的。严重不良反应发生在9例(2.8%)和3例(2.9%)患者上分别给药组和安慰剂组(差异< 0.05%(CI,-5.4 - 3.1%));没有一个认为是与药物相关。最常见的不良反应在给药组有头痛(17%)、疲劳(16%),和恶心(9%)。

限制: 研究缺乏一种给药对比对照组,包括相对较少的基因型4和6感染的。

结论: 在治疗抵抗的肝硬化和非肝硬化基因型1,4或6型感染的患者,12周时Grazoprevir-elbasvir实现高的持续病毒学应答率。每日口服,固定复方方案是治疗慢性丙肝病毒感染的一种有效的新方案。

原始出处:
Zeuzem S, Ghalib R, Reddy KR, Pockros PJ, Ben Ari Z, Zhao Y, Brown DD, Wan S, DiNubile MJ, Nguyen BY, Robertson MN, Wahl J, Barr E, Butterton JR.Grazoprevir-Elbasvir Combination Therapy for Treatment-Naive Cirrhotic and Noncirrhotic Patients With Chronic HCV Genotype 1, 4, or 6 Infection: A Randomized Trial.Ann Intern Med. 2015 Apr 24. doi: 10.7326/M15-0785. 

小知识:丙型肝炎病毒,全称为Hepatitis C virus。

HCV-丙型肝炎病毒
           HCV模式图
病原菌

HCV属于黄病毒科(flaviviridae),其基因组为单股正链RNA,易变异,目前可分为6个基因型及不同亚型,按照国际通行的方法,以阿拉伯数字表示HCV基因型,以小写的英文字母表示基因亚型(如1a、2b、3c等)。基因1型呈全球性分布,占所有HCV感染的70%以上。HCV对一般化学消毒剂敏感;100℃ 5min或60℃ 10h、高压蒸气和甲醛熏蒸等均可灭活病毒。

流行趋势

丙型肝炎呈全球性流行,是欧美及日本等国家终末期肝病的最主要原因。据世界卫生组织统计,全球HCV的感染率约为3%,估计约1.7亿人感染了HCV,每年新发丙型肝炎病例约3.5万例。我国血清流行病学调查资料显示,一般人群抗-HCV阳性率为3.2%。各地抗-HCV阳性率有一定差异,以长江为界,北方(3.6%)高于南方(2.9%),西南、华东、华北、西北、中南和东北分别为2.5%、2.7%、3.2%、3.3%、3.8%和4.6%。抗-HCV阳性率随年龄增长而逐渐上升,由1岁组的2.0%至50~59岁组的3.9%。男女间无明显差异。HCV1b和2a基因型在我国较为常见,其中以1b型为主;某些地区有1a、2b和3b型报道;6型主要见于香港和澳门地区,在南方边境省份也可见此基因型。

传播途径

1.HCV主要经血液传播,主要有:⑴ 经输血和血制品传播。我国自1993年对献血员筛查抗-HCV后,该途径得到了有效控制。但由于抗-HCV存在窗口期、抗-HCV检测试剂的质量不稳定及少数感染者不产生抗-HCV,因此,无法完全筛出HCV阳性者,大量输血和血液透析仍有可能感染HCV。⑵ 经破损的皮肤和黏膜传播。这是目前最主要的传播方式,在某些地区,因静脉注射毒品导致HCV传播占60%~90%。使用非一次性注射器和针头、未经严格消毒的牙科器械、内镜、侵袭性操作和针刺等也是经皮传播的重要途径。一些可能导致皮肤破损和血液暴露的传统医疗方法也与HCV传播有关;共用剃须刀、牙刷、纹身和穿耳环孔等也是HCV潜在的经血传播方式。 
2.性传播:与HCV感染者性交及有性乱行为者感染HCV的危险性较高。同时伴有其他性传播疾病者,特别是感染人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)者,感染HCV的危险性更高。 
3.母婴传播:抗-HCV阳性母亲将HCV传播给新生儿的危险性为2%,若母亲在分娩时HCV RNA阳性,则传播的危险性可高达4%~7%;合并HIV感染时,传播的危险性增至20%。HCV病毒高载量可能增加传播的危险性。 
部分HCV感染者的传播途径不明。接吻、拥抱、喷嚏、咳嗽、食物、饮水、共用餐具和水杯、无皮肤破损及其他无血液暴露的接触一般不传播HCV。

致病机制

丙型肝炎发病机理仍未十分清楚,当HCV在肝细胞内复制引起肝细胞结构和功能改变或干扰肝细胞蛋白合成,可造成肝细胞变性坏死,表明HCV直接损害肝脏,导致发病起一定作用。但多数学者认为细胞免疫病理反应可能起重要作用,发现丙型肝炎与乙型肝炎一样,其组织浸润细胞以CD3+为主,细胞毒T细胞(TC)特异攻击HCV感染的靶细胞,可引起肝细胞损伤。

临床观察资料表明,人感染HCV后所产生的保护性免疫力很差,能再感染不同株,甚至同株HCV,部分病人会导致肝硬化及肝细胞癌。其余约半数病人为自限性,可自动康复。

预防措施

1.丙型肝炎疫苗预防 
  目前尚无有效疫苗预防丙型肝炎。 
2.严格筛选献血员 
  严格执行《中华人民共和国献血法》,推行无偿献血。通过检测血清抗HCV、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT),严格筛选献血员。应发展HCV抗原的检测方法,提高对窗口期感染者的检出率。 
3.经皮和黏膜途径传播的预防 
  推行安全注射。对牙科器械、内镜等医疗器具应严格消毒。医务人员接触患者血液及体液时应戴手套。对静脉吸毒者进行心理咨询和安全教育,劝其戒毒。不共用剃须刀及牙具等,理发用具、穿刺和纹身等用具应严格消毒。 
4.性传播的预防 
  对有性乱史者应定期检查,加强管理。建议HCV感染者在性交时使用安全套。对青少年应进行正确的性教育。 
5.母婴传播的预防 
  对HCV RNA阳性的孕妇,应避免羊膜腔穿刺,尽量缩短分娩时间,保证胎盘的完整性,减少新生儿暴露于母血的机会。

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    2015-04-27 ymljack
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    2015-04-27 pcw112
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    2015-04-26 hbwang006

    相关知识很少

    0

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