肺癌早期诊断新技术及临床评价

2017-10-26 陈良安(解放军总医院呼吸病研究所) 中华医学信息导报

早期诊断、早期治疗是改善肺癌患者预后的关键环节。总体来说,肺癌早期诊断现状很不理想,大多数患者就诊时已是晚期。近年来,肺癌早期诊断技术有了明显进展,尤其表现在以下几个方面。

早期诊断、早期治疗是改善肺癌患者预后的关键环节。总体来说,肺癌早期诊断现状很不理想,大多数患者就诊时已是晚期。近年来,肺癌早期诊断技术有了明显进展,尤其表现在以下几个方面。

早期肺癌识别新技术

早期肺癌影像识别新技术(1)肿瘤微血管成像征:早期肺癌由于病灶太小,传统影像诊断标准(如分叶、毛刺、胸膜凹陷等)已不适用。我国肺部影像专家张国桢教授提出微小肺癌影像诊断新标准——肿瘤微血管成像征(或称肿瘤微血管移动-联通征)。针对微小肺癌具有与传统结节肿块型肺癌不同的肿瘤生物学特征,在前期肿瘤血管研究的基础上,提出了早期肺癌微血管形成,即“肿瘤微血管CT成像征”的重要鉴别意义,极大地提高了微小肺癌,特别是原位癌和微浸润腺癌的诊断精准性。(2)大数据-计算机辅助诊断-人工智能新进展:影像组学新技术应用大量的自动化影像特征数据化算法,将感兴趣区域的影像特征转化为具有高分辨率的可发掘的特征空间数据,应用数学模型和机器学习等工具研究影像组学特征与临床事件的相关性,获得具有临床价值的影像组学特征谱。影像基因组学技术应用数学模型和机器学习等工具,研究影像组学特征和基因表型及其密切相关临床事件的关系,获得可预测基因表型、与基因表型密切相关临床事件的影像组学特征谱。研究显示,基于影像组学的人工智能诊断方法较影像专家诊断肺结节的准确性显着提高。这意味着影像的自动化分析与临床大数据结合,计算模型的优化、大数据深度挖掘和人工智能的结合,可能实现从“计算机辅助诊断”到“计算机诊断”。(3)能谱CT:传统CT扫描采用混合能量射线扫描,所得到的CT值是平均CT值,存在硬化伪影。而能谱CT成像时得到的是单一能量下的图像,物质的衰减更为纯净,可最大程度降低硬化伪影。研究显示,能谱CT对肺结节良恶性判断具有较高的敏感度和特异度,鉴别诊断价值高于普通CT。

呼吸内镜新技术  荧光支气管镜、窄谱成像支气管镜、超声支气管镜、荧光共聚焦显微内镜、光学相干断层成像、导航支气管镜等新技术的开发与临床应用,极大地提高了临床早期诊断水平。

生物标志物  驱动基因检测、液体活检和各种组学技术及生物信息学是肺癌诊断与治疗决策的有力依据,也是目前的研究热点。以下两方面也备受关注:(1)循环外泌体是源于细胞“内吞-融合-外排”等调控过程而形成的胞外纳米级多泡体,包含多种不同分子,如蛋白质、脂质、DNA、miRNA、miRNA等各种非编码RNA。外泌体与肺癌的发生发展、血管生成、细胞转换、免疫抑制、细胞耐药、转移密切相关。近期研究显示,采用高通量测序从早期肺癌患者和健康对照者中发现4个与早期肺癌相关的miRNA,验证后发现4个miRNA标志物可以很好地区分早期肺癌患者和健康对照者(无重叠)。该研究结果表明,循环外泌体miRNA可能有助于早期肺癌的识别。(2)呼出气组学:运用各种组学方法探索人体呼出气成分与疾病的相关性。我们的研究显示,呼出气检测用于肺部患病组与健康组的区分,敏感性、特异性、准确率分别为80.41%、94.44%、84.0%;其用于肺癌组与非肺癌组患者的区分,敏感性、特异性、准确率分别为66.10%、91.14%、80.9%。可见,呼出气组学在肺癌的早期诊断方面有一定价值,与其他方法联合可提高诊断率。

早期肺癌活检新技术

机器人辅助CT定位穿刺机器人辅助CT定位穿刺处于临床初始应用阶段。研究显示,机器人辅助穿刺的操作时间和放射暴露剂量较传统人工穿刺显着减少,而两者的穿刺精度、诊断率、并发症发生率相当。研究表明,机器人辅助CT定位穿刺的诊断率和安全性与人工相当,但操作时间、放射暴露剂量可显着减少。该技术具有广泛的临床应用前景,但可能价格不菲。

导航技术的应用过去在肺组织外周区域进行气管镜操作几乎是盲法进行,气管镜本身不能到达。白光显微支气管镜(WLB)诊断周围型病灶的阳性率为57%,直径≤2cm病灶的阳性率仅34%。经胸壁针吸活检术(TTNA)对周围型病灶有较高的诊断率,但存在气胸的风险,对于肺功能较差的患者不太适合,而外科手术创伤较大,因此需要一种创伤最小的方法对普通气管镜无法到达的外周病灶进行活检,以区分良恶性来避免不必要的手术,同时操作并发症少。导航技术的发展使上述想法得以实现,有效地提高了肺癌的早期诊断率。

机器人辅助支气管镜2016年5月,全球首个机器人辅助支气管镜系统(ARES)获得美国食品药物管理局(FDA)批准,现已用于临床诊断和治疗。目前虽处于临床初步应用阶段,但具有良好的前景。

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    2017-11-01 杏林一叶

    肺癌诊断技术日新月异.令人振奋!可许多新技术真正应用于临床尚需时日.我辈翘首以盼!

    0

  5. 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  6. 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topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTIxvMP6OXzUiaGH5MkDQlW0hczROZxec1gZjfZ52EtN6aG9t0uDZq2A5xmf9FWMa4tZib4qoYnledFg/132, createdBy=9d6c2167401, createdName=hanmeijinxiu, createdTime=Thu Oct 26 08:30:01 CST 2017, time=2017-10-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=256061, encodeId=e0352560610f, content=学习了新知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201006/4db877c2887649beb09cb5effd0b38c7/916f66edd48a4e77b20ebc3e14b6e45c.jpg, createdBy=141e1980133, createdName=Y—xianghai, createdTime=Thu Oct 26 07:50:32 CST 2017, time=2017-10-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=256045, encodeId=da8b25604569, content=谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Pw2csslt7CukWiabqiblnQAXaDEiaxhu025c3P0XshccTrbvGWBjKvnHIxbK3vqa80P7WGIFuicCFet97TicrNKpgB3TdabxP1vMh/0, createdBy=28851960965, createdName=榄枷檬, createdTime=Thu Oct 26 07:21:18 CST 2017, time=2017-10-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-10-27 huagfeg
  7. 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topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTIxvMP6OXzUiaGH5MkDQlW0hczROZxec1gZjfZ52EtN6aG9t0uDZq2A5xmf9FWMa4tZib4qoYnledFg/132, createdBy=9d6c2167401, createdName=hanmeijinxiu, createdTime=Thu Oct 26 08:30:01 CST 2017, time=2017-10-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=256061, encodeId=e0352560610f, content=学习了新知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201006/4db877c2887649beb09cb5effd0b38c7/916f66edd48a4e77b20ebc3e14b6e45c.jpg, createdBy=141e1980133, createdName=Y—xianghai, createdTime=Thu Oct 26 07:50:32 CST 2017, time=2017-10-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=256045, encodeId=da8b25604569, content=谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Pw2csslt7CukWiabqiblnQAXaDEiaxhu025c3P0XshccTrbvGWBjKvnHIxbK3vqa80P7WGIFuicCFet97TicrNKpgB3TdabxP1vMh/0, createdBy=28851960965, createdName=榄枷檬, createdTime=Thu Oct 26 07:21:18 CST 2017, time=2017-10-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-10-27 微分

    学习了新知识

    0

  8. 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topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTIxvMP6OXzUiaGH5MkDQlW0hczROZxec1gZjfZ52EtN6aG9t0uDZq2A5xmf9FWMa4tZib4qoYnledFg/132, createdBy=9d6c2167401, createdName=hanmeijinxiu, createdTime=Thu Oct 26 08:30:01 CST 2017, time=2017-10-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=256061, encodeId=e0352560610f, content=学习了新知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201006/4db877c2887649beb09cb5effd0b38c7/916f66edd48a4e77b20ebc3e14b6e45c.jpg, createdBy=141e1980133, createdName=Y—xianghai, createdTime=Thu Oct 26 07:50:32 CST 2017, time=2017-10-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=256045, encodeId=da8b25604569, content=谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Pw2csslt7CukWiabqiblnQAXaDEiaxhu025c3P0XshccTrbvGWBjKvnHIxbK3vqa80P7WGIFuicCFet97TicrNKpgB3TdabxP1vMh/0, createdBy=28851960965, createdName=榄枷檬, createdTime=Thu Oct 26 07:21:18 CST 2017, time=2017-10-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-10-26 hanmeijinxiu

    值得了解.谢谢分享!

    0

  9. 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topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTIxvMP6OXzUiaGH5MkDQlW0hczROZxec1gZjfZ52EtN6aG9t0uDZq2A5xmf9FWMa4tZib4qoYnledFg/132, createdBy=9d6c2167401, createdName=hanmeijinxiu, createdTime=Thu Oct 26 08:30:01 CST 2017, time=2017-10-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=256061, encodeId=e0352560610f, content=学习了新知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201006/4db877c2887649beb09cb5effd0b38c7/916f66edd48a4e77b20ebc3e14b6e45c.jpg, createdBy=141e1980133, createdName=Y—xianghai, createdTime=Thu Oct 26 07:50:32 CST 2017, time=2017-10-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=256045, encodeId=da8b25604569, content=谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Pw2csslt7CukWiabqiblnQAXaDEiaxhu025c3P0XshccTrbvGWBjKvnHIxbK3vqa80P7WGIFuicCFet97TicrNKpgB3TdabxP1vMh/0, createdBy=28851960965, createdName=榄枷檬, createdTime=Thu Oct 26 07:21:18 CST 2017, time=2017-10-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-10-26 Y—xianghai

    学习了新知识

    0

  10. 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topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTIxvMP6OXzUiaGH5MkDQlW0hczROZxec1gZjfZ52EtN6aG9t0uDZq2A5xmf9FWMa4tZib4qoYnledFg/132, createdBy=9d6c2167401, createdName=hanmeijinxiu, createdTime=Thu Oct 26 08:30:01 CST 2017, time=2017-10-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=256061, encodeId=e0352560610f, content=学习了新知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201006/4db877c2887649beb09cb5effd0b38c7/916f66edd48a4e77b20ebc3e14b6e45c.jpg, createdBy=141e1980133, createdName=Y—xianghai, createdTime=Thu Oct 26 07:50:32 CST 2017, time=2017-10-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=256045, encodeId=da8b25604569, content=谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, 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    2017-10-26 榄枷檬

    谢谢分享

    0

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