呼吸病学研究进展面面观

2011-10-09 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

    目前,呼吸系统疾病所致死亡占总死亡率的1/5,且可能由导致死亡和致残的第4位病因迅速上升至第3位。为逆转此趋势,需要在症状起始前对疾病进行更好预测,改善疾病定义和亚分类,同时以更为个体化的方式制定新疗法。   来自众多呼吸学会的意见表明,下述各研究领域将为肺科学的快速发展提供前所未有的良机。   肺疾病的基因组学和分子特征   分子生物学的进展为重新定义肺疾病提供了新平台

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  目前,呼吸系统疾病所致死亡占总死亡率的1/5,且可能由导致死亡和致残的第4位病因迅速上升至第3位。为逆转此趋势,需要在症状起始前对疾病进行更好预测,改善疾病定义和亚分类,同时以更为个体化的方式制定新疗法。

  来自众多呼吸学会的意见表明,下述各研究领域将为肺科学的快速发展提供前所未有的良机。

  肺疾病的基因组学和分子特征

  分子生物学的进展为重新定义肺疾病提供了新平台。特定分子标志物已被证实有助于诊断囊性纤维化、α1抗胰蛋白酶缺乏和呼吸系统感染。

  利用高通量基因组学方法的信息分析,可确认涉及数百种分子变化的复杂分子表型或“指纹”。疾病和正常状态的差异在DNA修饰(如甲基化,乙酰化等)、DNA多态性(包括多态性,copy数变异等)、 RNA表达与剪接、蛋白(包括浓度、分布、结构,磷酸化和翻译后修饰)和代谢产物中得到表现。在DNA,RNA、和蛋白等同时反映遗传和环境因素的分子表型是研究肺疾病时须重点关注的对象。

  肺修复和再生

  肺组织再生为终末期肺病治疗手段有限的现状提供了新方法。近期研究显示,组织工程气管可在人体中发挥作用。我们上海九院专家在此方面有一定的进展。

  目前对引发有效肺修复与不当重构和纤维化的分子事件仍知之甚少。近期证据提示,在严重损伤发生后,是多能干细胞(而非真正的肺干细胞)产生应答并重新生成上皮细胞,以实现功能恢复。

  肺转化医学

  慢性肺病是复杂的多重基因-基因和基因-环境间相互作用的结果,导致多重病理过程以及疾病的表达、慢性化和进展。传统的疾病定义依赖于将有相似表现的患者进行分组,常忽视不同的环境暴露、临床病程和潜在病理生物学等情况。当前需要的是能够将表型性状和基础生物过程连接起来的新疾病定义模式。尤其是基因与外界环境相互作用,可能在肺部疾病中占有更重要地位。

  病理生物学特征和发病机制可预测疾病的发展、严重程度和进展情况,有助于确定将治疗与临床转归相联系的替代转归指标,并且可促进呼吸系统干预靶点的鉴别、确认和研发。

  肺微生物组学

  尽管病原体被认为或被怀疑为在多种慢性肺病中发挥关键作用,但与其他器官相比,肺微生物组学的研究仍相对较新。

  进行肺脏微生物组学研究有助于了解肺脏内有何种微生物及其位于何处。这些知识将增强我们对肺微生物组学在保持健康和引发疾病中所起作用的认识,并引发对肺疾病以及新治疗靶点的思考。

  睡眠和昼夜节律生物学

  对于昼夜节律而言,令人兴奋的研究包括对生物钟偶联基因途径的阐明,后者通过调控细胞代谢、氧化应激、细胞修复和翻译后修饰维持心、肺和血液功能。对生物钟基因和生物钟偶联途径的研究将增强我们对疾病病理生理学的理解,且可能确认新治疗靶点。

  为确认疾病症状和生物标志物表达的昼夜节律模式而进行的临床研究,有可能被用于改善诊断和为制定治疗策略提供信息。对睡眠呼吸暂停发病机制的深入了解将催生新型机械、药物和遗传治疗策略。

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    2011-10-11 slyyhefeimxd

    有启发

    0

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    2011-10-11 slyyhefeimxd

    有启发

    0

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