慢性阻塞性肺疾病诊断、处理和预防全球策略 (2017GOLD报告)解读

2017-01-11 蔡柏蔷 国际呼吸杂志

自从2001年慢性阻塞性肺疾病全球倡议(GOLD)颁布第1版慢性阻塞性肺疾病诊断、处理和预防全球策略(简称慢阻肺全球策略),至今已整整16年了,16年中慢性阻塞性肺疾病(慢阻肺,COPD)的临床研究取得了相当大的进展。2016年11月16日(世界慢阻肺日),在美国费城举办的GOLDCOPDCare年会上,颁布了“Globalstrategyforthediagnosis,management,an

自从2001年慢性阻塞性肺疾病全球倡议(GOLD)颁布第1版慢性阻塞性肺疾病诊断、处理和预防全球策略(简称慢阻肺全球策略),至今已整整16年了,16年中慢性阻塞性肺疾病(慢阻肺,COPD)的临床研究取得了相当大的进展。2016年11月16日(世界慢阻肺日),在美国费城举办的GOLD COPD Care年会上,颁布了 “Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(2017 GOLD Report)”(简称2017 GOLD报告)。这是在原有慢阻肺全球策略的基础上,根据慢阻肺研究的最新进展,GOLD发表关于慢阻肺的最新报告。


一、2017GOLD报告的重点

2017GOLD报告共有6章,保留既往2016GOLD更新版的框架结构。除了第三、六章外,每章标题基本相同。第三章标题由“治疗观点”改为“支持预防和维持治疗的证据”,突出了慢阻肺治疗和预防中循证医学的证据。第六章由“合并症治疗”改为“慢阻肺和合并症”。

各章中新推荐的主要内容如下:

1.定义和总论(第一章):
慢阻肺的定义重新修订,新定义包括慢阻肺发病时呼吸系统症状的影响和肺组织和气道异常的作用。更新慢阻肺的定义,其目的在于认识宿主的重要性。本章论述了慢阻肺的病因与宿主因素和环境暴露之间的关系,更新和提出了关于慢阻肺的病理生理的新概念和基本理论。慢阻肺的发生和发展是随着时间而改变的,强调了宿主在慢阻肺发生和发展中的作用。
 
2.诊断和初始评估(第二章):
论述了慢阻肺诊断和评估的新概念。慢阻肺的综合评估得以精简,将肺功能分级从综合评估中删除,但肺功能仍然是综合评估的重要内容。现在2017GOLD报告提出的ABCD分组,仅根据患者呼吸系统的症状和单独应用急性加重病史进行评估和ABCD分组。气流受限的肺功能参数从综合评估中删除,清楚和简明扼要地阐明现行的评估方法。这一评估方法在特定时间内根据患者的症状而得到的个体参数,可以进行更为准确的个体化推荐治疗。肺功能的作用在整体处理慢阻肺方面已经更新。早期GOLD颁布的慢阻肺治疗方案是按照肺功能的分级进行慢阻肺稳定期治疗,以后发现单一的肺功能分级与慢阻肺的病情、症状、疾病负担和急性加重等方面相关性较差。2011GOLD更新版的主要进展是提出了慢阻肺的“ABCD”综合评估,并且根据“ABCD”综合评估系统更新了慢阻肺稳定期的治疗方案。但后来也发现“ABCD”综合评估在临床应用中,在预测慢阻肺健康状况和病死率方面,并不优于肺功能分级。故在2017GOLD报告中将肺功能分级从“ABCD”综合评估中删除,并且提出了“ABCD”综合评估新的精简版本。

3.支持预防和维持治疗的证据(第三章):
重点探讨和评估慢阻肺的药物和非药物治疗。重新更新了用于慢阻肺稳定期和预防急性加重的各种治疗药物。增加了在慢性稳定期患者的肺气肿介入治疗、康复、长期氧疗以及自我管理。增加吸入技术的评价和正规应用,以改善治疗效果。增加关于自我管理、肺康复、整体护理和姑息治疗的证据。基于新的信息推荐无创机械通气、氧疗和肺减容术。

4.稳定期慢阻肺的处理(第四章):
根据症状评估和未来急性加重风险提出稳定期慢阻肺药物治疗的处理。引入更为个体化治疗的临床路径,即药物治疗升级和降级。按照ABCD分组,根据第三章中的药物和非药物,图解治疗方案。

5.慢阻肺急性加重的处理(第五章):
论述了慢阻肺急性加重的定义、诊断和药物以及非药物治疗。根据近年来发表的新文献治疗,提出了慢阻肺急性加重治疗和预防的推荐意见。详细介绍出院、随诊的标准和整体护理。

6.慢阻肺和合并症(第六章):
详细论述心血管疾病和其他重要合并症的处理策略。概括了多种合并症和多种药物疗法。需注意,慢阻肺的处理归于3个章节中:稳定期慢阻肺的处理(第四章);慢阻肺急性加重的处理(第五章);慢阻肺和合并症(第六章)包括慢阻肺患者中的合并症处理以及患有合并症患者中的慢阻肺治疗2个方面。
 
二、诊断和初始评估

(一)慢阻肺的诊断
任何患有呼吸困难、慢性咳嗽或多痰的患者(表1,图2),并且有暴露于危险因素的病史,在临床上需要考虑慢阻肺的诊断。作出慢阻肺的诊断需要进行肺功能检查,吸入支气管扩张剂之后FEV1/FVC<0.7即明确存在气流受限,因而可诊断慢阻肺。


表1考虑慢阻肺诊断的主要关键线索 
 


(二)症状
慢性和进行性呼吸困难是慢阻肺的特征性症状,咳嗽与咳痰存在于多达30%的患者中,当患者出现这些症状时应积极检查寻找潜在的原因,特别是具有慢阻肺危险因素时。患者也可能存在显著的气流受限但临床上并没有慢性呼吸困难和/或咳嗽及咳痰,而且反之亦然,即患者有慢性呼吸困难和/或咳嗽及咳痰但并没有显著的气流受限。慢阻肺虽然定义为存在气流受限,但是决定患者是否就诊的动机却与患者症状的影响和功能状态有关。患者就诊的意图通常与慢性的呼吸系统症状相关或者与急性、短暂的呼吸系统症状急性加重相关。

1.呼吸困难:呼吸困难是慢阻肺的主要症状,也是活动受限和焦虑的主要原因。典型的慢阻肺患者将其呼吸困难描述为呼吸费力,胸部沉重或喘息。然而,患者描述呼吸困难的术语可能与其个人感受和文化背景相关。

2.咳嗽:慢性咳嗽通常是慢阻肺的首发症状,患者常常认为与吸烟和环境污染有关。最初咳嗽可以是间歇性的,逐渐进展为持续性咳嗽。慢性咳嗽可能有痰或无痰。在某些情况下,显著的气流受限也可不伴有咳嗽。这里需注意慢性咳嗽的其他原因,2017GOLD报告在正文中已经罗列咳嗽的其他原因。

3.咳痰:慢阻肺患者通常咳嗽时产生少量的痰液,反复咳痰3个月以上持续2年为慢性支气管炎的经典定义(而无其他原因可以解释这些症状),但该定义并不能反映慢阻肺患者咳痰的所有情况。痰的产生通常难以评价,因为患者可能吞咽痰,且受到当地文化和性别差异的影响,此外,痰产生可以是间歇性的,具有周期性的爆发性和散在缓解期。咳大量痰的患者也可能有支气管扩张的基础疾病,脓性痰的存在反映了炎症的存在。如果出现脓性痰,则需要识别细菌性的急性加重。
 
4.喘息和胸闷:喘息和胸闷症状每天变化较大,无喘息或胸闷并不排除慢阻肺的诊断,也不能认为这些症状的存在就是哮喘。

5.其他特征:疲劳、消瘦和厌食等,也是严重和非常严重的慢阻肺患者常见的症状。这些症状也可以见于其他疾病,例如:结核病或肺癌,需仔细鉴别。部分患者剧烈咳嗽时可出现晕厥,与长期咳嗽时胸内压的迅速增加有关。踝部水肿是肺源性心脏病的标志。此外,应特别注意抑郁症和焦虑症的存在。
 
本文重点解读2017GOLD报告的部分内容,读者如果需要全面了解,请登陆GOLD网站(www.goldcopd.org)阅读全文。

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attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/21/72142930668371951a41ef4ea4b233e6.jpg, createdBy=dcbc1715228, createdName=刘煜, createdTime=Thu Jan 12 03:27:58 CST 2017, time=2017-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=169722, encodeId=ec80169e2234, content=慢阻肺人群是越来越庞大了。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib2JlGvwpAibiaovVhfA9DbO7X7JLGGjM4Cic6oMgxLdnuS9piaP9cnG2OwIbkzHvX0qzS1boibyYNqR5vHZu7HQs5EIB/0, createdBy=298d1398341, createdName=lou.minghong, createdTime=Thu Jan 12 00:38:49 CST 2017, time=2017-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=169718, encodeId=c1a8169e187d, content=不是肺病,是全身性疾病, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7cJ6ejWUr2nIia8qOvAKNdLHr32Df6G8iaoaOx6pHaoiacwp26DaslxZHCGbibZhhCGven4rvmWP60GahtzgFjgCjR/0, createdBy=6b111703011, createdName=有备才能无患, createdTime=Wed Jan 11 23:47:56 CST 2017, time=2017-01-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-02-24 tomyang96
  3. 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likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7cJ6ejWUr2nIia8qOvAKNdLHr32Df6G8iaoaOx6pHaoiacwp26DaslxZHCGbibZhhCGven4rvmWP60GahtzgFjgCjR/0, createdBy=6b111703011, createdName=有备才能无患, createdTime=Wed Jan 11 23:47:56 CST 2017, time=2017-01-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-01-13 小刀医生
  5. 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likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7cJ6ejWUr2nIia8qOvAKNdLHr32Df6G8iaoaOx6pHaoiacwp26DaslxZHCGbibZhhCGven4rvmWP60GahtzgFjgCjR/0, createdBy=6b111703011, createdName=有备才能无患, createdTime=Wed Jan 11 23:47:56 CST 2017, time=2017-01-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-01-12 txqjm

    谢谢了,学习了

    0

  6. 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attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/21/72142930668371951a41ef4ea4b233e6.jpg, createdBy=dcbc1715228, createdName=刘煜, createdTime=Thu Jan 12 03:27:58 CST 2017, time=2017-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=169722, encodeId=ec80169e2234, content=慢阻肺人群是越来越庞大了。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib2JlGvwpAibiaovVhfA9DbO7X7JLGGjM4Cic6oMgxLdnuS9piaP9cnG2OwIbkzHvX0qzS1boibyYNqR5vHZu7HQs5EIB/0, createdBy=298d1398341, createdName=lou.minghong, createdTime=Thu Jan 12 00:38:49 CST 2017, time=2017-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=169718, encodeId=c1a8169e187d, content=不是肺病,是全身性疾病, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7cJ6ejWUr2nIia8qOvAKNdLHr32Df6G8iaoaOx6pHaoiacwp26DaslxZHCGbibZhhCGven4rvmWP60GahtzgFjgCjR/0, createdBy=6b111703011, createdName=有备才能无患, createdTime=Wed Jan 11 23:47:56 CST 2017, time=2017-01-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-01-12 ren1mw

    慢阻肺的治疗不太容易

    0

  7. 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attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/21/72142930668371951a41ef4ea4b233e6.jpg, createdBy=dcbc1715228, createdName=刘煜, createdTime=Thu Jan 12 03:27:58 CST 2017, time=2017-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=169722, encodeId=ec80169e2234, content=慢阻肺人群是越来越庞大了。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib2JlGvwpAibiaovVhfA9DbO7X7JLGGjM4Cic6oMgxLdnuS9piaP9cnG2OwIbkzHvX0qzS1boibyYNqR5vHZu7HQs5EIB/0, createdBy=298d1398341, createdName=lou.minghong, createdTime=Thu Jan 12 00:38:49 CST 2017, time=2017-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=169718, encodeId=c1a8169e187d, content=不是肺病,是全身性疾病, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7cJ6ejWUr2nIia8qOvAKNdLHr32Df6G8iaoaOx6pHaoiacwp26DaslxZHCGbibZhhCGven4rvmWP60GahtzgFjgCjR/0, createdBy=6b111703011, createdName=有备才能无患, createdTime=Wed Jan 11 23:47:56 CST 2017, time=2017-01-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-01-12 明月清辉

    谢谢分享,学习了

    0

  8. 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likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7cJ6ejWUr2nIia8qOvAKNdLHr32Df6G8iaoaOx6pHaoiacwp26DaslxZHCGbibZhhCGven4rvmWP60GahtzgFjgCjR/0, createdBy=6b111703011, createdName=有备才能无患, createdTime=Wed Jan 11 23:47:56 CST 2017, time=2017-01-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-01-12 刘煜

    阅读了谢谢分享。

    0

  9. 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attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/21/72142930668371951a41ef4ea4b233e6.jpg, createdBy=dcbc1715228, createdName=刘煜, createdTime=Thu Jan 12 03:27:58 CST 2017, time=2017-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=169722, encodeId=ec80169e2234, content=慢阻肺人群是越来越庞大了。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib2JlGvwpAibiaovVhfA9DbO7X7JLGGjM4Cic6oMgxLdnuS9piaP9cnG2OwIbkzHvX0qzS1boibyYNqR5vHZu7HQs5EIB/0, createdBy=298d1398341, createdName=lou.minghong, createdTime=Thu Jan 12 00:38:49 CST 2017, time=2017-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=169718, encodeId=c1a8169e187d, content=不是肺病,是全身性疾病, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7cJ6ejWUr2nIia8qOvAKNdLHr32Df6G8iaoaOx6pHaoiacwp26DaslxZHCGbibZhhCGven4rvmWP60GahtzgFjgCjR/0, createdBy=6b111703011, createdName=有备才能无患, createdTime=Wed Jan 11 23:47:56 CST 2017, time=2017-01-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-01-12 lou.minghong

    慢阻肺人群是越来越庞大了。

    0

  10. 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    2017-01-11 有备才能无患

    不是肺病,是全身性疾病

    0

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