NAT REV DRUG DISCOV:开发下一代抗体-药物偶联物(ADC)的策略和挑战

2017-04-27 佚名 生物制品圈

在本综述中,讨论了ADC开发中的抗原靶标选择,临床阶段ADC中使用的弹头,接头的设计和优化,抗体的选择和优化,位点特异性和替代共轭化学,以及增强效力的策略,包括非肿瘤学ADC 。



抗体-药物偶联物(ADC)由重组单克隆抗体(mAb)通过合成接头共价结合细胞毒性化学物质(称为弹头)组成,不仅具有高度细胞毒性的小分子药物的抗肿瘤效力,也结合了mAb的高选择性,稳定性和有利的药代动力学特征。在本综述中,讨论了ADC开发中的抗原靶标选择,临床阶段ADC中使用的弹头,接头的设计和优化,抗体的选择和优化,位点特异性和替代共轭化学,以及增强效力的策略,包括非肿瘤学ADC 。

1. 抗原靶标选择

开发癌症ADC的一个主要问题是确定和验证mAb组分的足够的抗原性靶标。抗原选择中需要考虑几个因素。首先,理想的目标抗原在肿瘤中具有高表达水平,在正常组织中很少或没有表达,或至少表达限于给定组织类型,以减少ADC靶内毒性及导致可接受的治疗指数。第二,目标抗原应存在于细胞表面,以便循环的mAb可进入。第三,目标抗原应该是内在抗原,使在结合后,ADC被转运到细胞中,细胞毒性剂可以发挥其作用。

然而,非内部ADC在某些情况下可能会显示重要的毒性,会经常引起强烈的“旁观者效应”。未来设计必须考虑细胞毒性药物和抗体在整个ADC的抗肿瘤活性和毒性特征中的相对作用。

2. 用于临床ADC的弹头

目前正在进行临床试验的ADC,大多数靶向DNA或微管,并且已经高效优化。由于肿瘤细胞表面上抗原数量有限(每个细胞约5,000-106个抗原)且ADC的平均药物与抗体比(DAR)仅限于3.5-4,即ADC转入肿瘤细胞的药物量很低,合并细胞毒性药物的ADC可能因此造成临床失败。

通过抑制微管蛋白装配而起作用的auristatin和美登木素生成素是目前ADC最常用的弹头。其他使用的弹头基于吡咯并苯并二氮杂(PBD)、二氢吲哚并噻二氮杂、Tubulysins、卡奇霉素、伊立替康衍生物、多卡莫霉素、喜树碱类类似物、肾上腺素和多柔比星等等。事实上,由于竞争激烈,在早期临床试验研究中越来越多的ADC,没有披露抗原靶和/或弹头和接头的化学结构。

3. 链接器的设计和优化

循环中药物过早释放可导致全身毒性和较低的治疗指标。有效的链接器设计必须平衡在循环中的几天内的良好稳定性以及在递送到靶细胞时的高效裂解。为增强ADC的溶解度和DAR,并克服由化学治疗剂输送出细胞外的蛋白质(如MDR1)诱导的抗性,正在研究几种策略:目标细胞的细胞质中药物的有条件释放(可拆卸和不可切割的接头);旁路效应的增强和限制,是通过是否能够跨越生物膜的接头-药物代谢产物实现的;极性接头提高溶解度和降低MDR。

4. 抗体的选择和优化

裸抗和ADC都强制性地提高抗体的同质性和可开发性,以降低候选药物的流失率。液相色谱,电泳和质谱法等分析技术,不仅有助于选择具有合适糖基化特征的最佳抗体的克隆,还用于研究领域和潜在临床候选物的全面结构鉴定,也用于鉴定可能对稳定性以及药代动力学和药理学性质有害的抗体上的“热点”。质谱法也有助于从制药的角度优化下一代mAb的结构,从而允许开发具有降低的CMC负荷和更好的药物性质的候选药物(OptimAb)和ADC(OptimADC)。抗体的选择包括嵌合,人源化和人体抗体的选择以及同种型选择。

5. 新型偶联策略

第二代ADC均为不同药物负载物质的受控混合物,典型平均DAR为3.5或4。DAR大于4的物种显示较低的耐受性,更高的血浆清除率和降低的体内功效。目前大多数ADC具有共同的结构特征,如通过硫醇和烷基的马来酰亚胺反应形成的硫代琥珀酰亚胺连接。但大多数ADC长时间流通期间会导致可测量的马来酰亚胺消除,这些可通过位点特异性偶联和替代共轭化学来解决:如工程半胱氨酸、非天然氨基酸工程、酶辅助连接、糖重组和糖结合、氨基末端工程丝氨酸、与Fab核苷酸结合位点连接、天然半胱氨酸再桥接、避免retro-Michael 解体以及高负载ADC。

6. 提高ADC的效能

提高ADC功效的附加策略,设计时可考虑避免对弹头的潜在阻力,通过使用较小的蛋白质支架来增强肿瘤的渗透,或通过将ADC与最近批准的基于mAb的免疫检查点抑制剂结合来提高功效。

7. ADC用于非肿瘤学指征

针对非细胞毒性药物的ADC研究较少。如针对C-X-C趋化因子受体4型的ADC,是在血清细胞上选择性表达的抗原。如针对细胞内金黄色葡萄球菌的抗体-抗生素缀合物。

8. 结论和未来方向

ADC的发展受益于治疗性mAb的设计的一般改进,也受益于可增强同质性的偶联物合成方法的特定改进。连接策略和弹头的多样化为改善药物在肿瘤中的转运提供了新的机会,同时也减少了药物暴露于正常组织的机会。事实上,重要的是要更好地了解ADC的毒性决定因素,是作为单一药物还是与其他疗法组合使用。为增加治疗指数,ADC需在细胞毒素剂的效力下降低最小有效剂量,或在肿瘤选择性方面增加最大耐受剂量。下一代ADC,依赖于更同质性和稳定的ADC与具有药物化学样控制的大分子结构的合成和表征。最近的ADC开发,重新引起了对细胞毒性天然产物的兴趣,未来,ADC的功效突破可能涉及具有新型作战机制的弹头。此外,新的mAb的替代形式已出现,但在毒性,功效和药代动力学等治疗指标方面须与全mAb比较。

原始出处:

Beck A, Goetsch L, Dumontet C et al. Strategies and challenges for the next generation of antibody-drug conjugates. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery (2017) doi:10.1038/nrd.2016.268

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    2017-07-15 爆笑小医
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    2017-08-28 liye789132251
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    2017-04-30 尹玉伟

    挺好的……值得学习

    0

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    2017-04-28 仁者大医