Nature:诺奖得主新发现:孤独会导致暴饮暴食,并进一步引起失眠

2021-08-22 “生物世界”公众号 “生物世界”公众号

2021年8月18日,诺奖得主、洛克菲勒大学 Michael Young 教授在 Nature 期刊发表了题为:Chronic social isolation signals starvation

在十七世纪,英国诗人 John Donne 曾写道——没有人是一座孤岛,可以自全。诚然,人既有自然属性又有社会属性,每个人就像是人类社会的一颗齿轮,我们彼此相依,共同构筑出一个和谐而伟大的世界。

著名神经学家 Bruce McEwen 曾在写道,压力是我们这个时代最重要的公共健康问题。如果人长期受到压力的刺激,会造成损害,并加速疾病的发生。生活压力的增大还减少甚至隔绝了人们的日常交流。

曾几何时,邻居街坊之间的交流再正常不过,如今在拥挤的城市里,想要找到一个知己好友倾诉却难如登天。不仅如此,长期的孤独还会对我们的身心健康造成严重的不良影响。

2021年8月18日,诺奖得主、洛克菲勒大学 Michael Young 教授在 Nature 期刊发表了题为:Chronic social isolation signals starvation and reduces sleep in Drosophila(对果蝇来说,长期的社会孤立意味着饥饿和睡眠减少)的研究论文。

这项研究以果蝇为模型研究了社会环境对个体健康的影响。研究团队发现,长期与社会隔离的果蝇表现出不规范的睡眠和饮食模式——暴饮暴食且失眠,由此揭示了长期缺乏社会接触对健康的影响。

Michael Young 教授因发现控制昼夜节律的分子机制而荣获2017年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。

良好融洽的社交生活是人们保持身心健康的重要基础,而社交隔离往往可能导致疾病的发生。近期,美国心理学协会发表的一项调查显示,在COVID-19大流行期间,有超过60%的美国成年人的体重增加或减轻,包括睡眠中断在内的心理健康问题也有所增加。

与此同时,随着社会距离的增加,性骚扰和种族紧张关系的发生率也有所上升,因此,COVID-19大流行为我们敲响了警钟,流行病往往会阻隔人们的日常交流,这要求我们找到确保社会健康的新战略。

值得注意的是,之前的研究显示,果蝇作为一种群居性动物,它们会对社会环境做出反应。社会经验和社会群体的组成影响果蝇对疾病的易感性以及它们的许多行为,包括交配、进食和睡眠。那么,当果蝇独自生活时,又会发生什么呢?

研究团队建立了黑腹果蝇作为研究社交隔离的模型。研究人员将果蝇分为三组:第一组在正常群体中生活;第二组为短期(1-3天)与群体隔绝;第三组为长期(5-7天)与群体隔绝。

研究人员将果蝇分为三组:群居生活组、短期隔离组和长期隔离组

研究小组发现,与群体生活或短期隔离果蝇相比,长期隔离的果蝇睡眠模式受到干扰,并且食量是前两者的两倍。

进一步研究表明,这些行为上的差异伴随着214个基因表达的变化,而这些基因都是从果蝇的头部检测出来的,其中包括许多与睡眠生物学途径有关的基因。

长期隔离组的果蝇表现出异常的进食行为和睡眠模式

研究团队关注了其中的两个基因:一个编码蛋白质抑菌素,这是一种在大脑中对饥饿做出反应时上调的激素;另一个编码drosulfakinin,这是大脑释放的肽,在饥饿做出反应时下调。

有趣的是,研究小组发现,这些基因在社交隔离条件下的表达模式与饥饿的果蝇十分相似,尽管食物供应充足。这意味着在果蝇中社交隔离会导致与饥饿相同的后果。同时,这一观察结果也印证了之前的一项对人类的研究:社交隔离会使中脑产生渴望食物的反应,这与饥饿引起的反应类似。

果蝇在长期隔离的状态下,部分基因的表达模式发生变化

不仅如此,研究团队还在果蝇大脑的中央复合体中发现了一簇表达limostatin的P2神经元,并表明它们对果蝇的社交隔离效应有贡献。此前,P2神经元的特征是表达一种名为NPF的肽,这种肽与哺乳动物体内一种名为NPY的肽同源,而NPY与进食和社会行为有关。

当研究人员将P2神经元沉默后,果蝇的社交隔离效应消失了,这表明P2神经元相关的神经回路调节了这些效应。更令人信服的是,在短期隔离的果蝇中,人为激活P2神经元也会导致这些果蝇吃得更多,睡得更少。这与长期隔离的果蝇的行为十分相似。

这一结果表明P2神经元可能可以感受隔离的持续时间,并且随着隔离时间的增加,不断更新调节睡眠和进食的神经元。换句话说,P2神经元可能起到社交隔离定时器的作用。

P2神经元是长期社交隔离导致果蝇进食和睡眠异常所必需的

虽然相隔甚远,但人类的确与果蝇有着共同的进化祖先。作为一种重要的模式生物,果蝇已经帮助我们了解了人类发育、学习和疾病的潜在机制。如今,这项研究可能会促进对人类精神疾病的更深入的理解,并可能为治疗孤独乃至成瘾提供新的信息。

回到现实,COVID-19大流行在很大程度上隔绝了人们的相互往来,无形中造就了更多孤独的人。但随着网络和智能设备的普及,空间距离不再成为限制人类日常交流的绝对因素。敞开心扉与家人、朋友乃至陌生人交流,你会发现你的世界不是一座孤岛,而是一座广阔的天地!

原始出处:

Li, W., Wang, Z., Syed, S. et al. Chronic social isolation signals starvation and reduces sleep in Drosophila. Nature (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03837-0.

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    2022-02-11 liye789132251
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    2021-09-06 ms6000001202275458

    我也是这样

    0

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    2021-09-05 ms9000001304183114

    学习

    0

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    2021-08-24 wumeihua90
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    2021-08-22 ms7000001545202350

    学习了

    0

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