Science:人工蛋白质修复神经连接,有望治疗神经退行性疾病!

2022-09-16 brainnew神内神外 brainnew神内神外

目前针对神经退行性疾病的许多治疗工作都集中在阻止疾病进展,而恢复丧失的认知能力的前景微乎其微。我们的方法可以帮助改变这一情况,并可能开发真正恢复神经功能的治疗。

导言:神经退行性疾病 (Neurodegenerative disease) ,以特异性神经元的大量丢失为主要特征,是一类进行性发展的致残,严重可致死的复杂疾病,如阿尔茨海默氏症、小脑性共济失调等。多年来,由于脑功能的复杂性,这类疾病的治疗一直是个难题。近日有研究人员开发了一种人工蛋白,并成功减轻了某些神经损伤和疾病的症状,为这类疾病的治疗带来了希望。

突触是神经回路中的基本结构和功能单元,它们决定了神经元之间的连通性并提供了交流的途径。在分子水平上,突触是高度动态的,它们的重塑对于脑生理的各个方面都是必不可少的。人脑在庞大的神经元网络中包含数万亿个突触。突触重塑对于确保有效接收和整合外部刺激以及存储和检索信息至关重要。

对此,来自德国神经退行性疾病中心(DZNE),英国和日本的研究人员开发了一种具有神经功能的蛋白质,研究表明,该人工蛋白质减轻了某些神经损伤和疾病的症状,而在微观水平上,重建突触连接,建立并修复神经元之间的联系。

该研究于8月28日发表在顶尖学术期刊《Science》杂志上。题为“A synthetic synaptic organizer protein restores glutamatergic neuronal circuits”

人脑的神经元网络会经历终生变化,以便能够收集信息并以合适的方式存储信息。这尤其适用于记忆的产生和记忆。突触在大脑的适应能力中起着核心作用。它们是神经信号从一个细胞传递到另一个细胞的连接点。许多被称为突触组织蛋白的特异性分子确保了突触的形成和重组。

人工蛋白质

该研究小组利用这种自然发生的分子的结构元素合成了一种叫做CPTX的人工蛋白质,并在疾病模型中测试了它的效果。并将该化合物施用给神经功能缺陷与人类相似的老鼠。具体来说,这些测试集中在阿尔茨海默氏症、脊髓损伤和小脑共济失调——一种主要以肌肉协调失调为特征的疾病。所有这些情况都与突触的损坏或丢失有关。这项研究是几个研究机构的专家共同努力的结果,包括DZNE的Magdeburg基地、英国MRC分子生物学实验室、东京庆应大学医学院以及日本爱知医科大学。

合成突触组织器CPTX的结构指导设计和应用

减轻疾病症状

DZNE的高级研究员Alexander Dityatev教授说:“在我们的实验室中,我们研究了CPTX对表现出某些阿尔茨海默氏病症状的小鼠的作用。我们发现CPTX的使用可以提高小鼠的记忆力。”

研究人员还观察到在阿尔茨海默病和所研究的动物模型中几个重要的神经元参数恢复正常。也就是说,CPTX增加了突触的变化能力,这被认为是与记忆形成相关的细胞过程。此外,还证明CPTX可以提高所谓的“兴奋传递”。这表明,该蛋白质对促进接触细胞活性的突触具有特异性作用。最后,CPTX增加了树突的密度。这些是细胞膜上的微小凸起,对于建立兴奋性突触连接至关重要。

进一步研究表明,将CPTX应用于运动功能障碍的小鼠(由脊髓损伤或类似于小脑共济失调的病理状况引起)可提高啮齿动物的活动能力。在细胞水平上,该蛋白被证明可以修复和促进兴奋性突触连接。

分子连接器

CPTX以独特的方式结合了天然突触组织蛋白中存在的功能域。该化合物被设计为神经细胞之间的兴奋性连接的通用桥梁建设者。在两个神经元相遇的地方,无论是粘着的接触还是实际上的突触连接,CPTX都链接到两个相关细胞表面上的特定分子,从而触发新突触的形成或增强已经存在的突触。

Dityatev强调说:“目前,该药物处于实验阶段,其合成要求很高,因此我们离人类的应用还很远。但是,我们的研究表明,CPTX在建立和加强神经连接方面甚至可以比某些天然类似物做得更好。因此,CPTX可以成为具有临床潜力的新型药物的原型。” 它将应用于与神经元连接受损相关的疾病。

“目前针对神经退行性疾病的许多治疗工作都集中在阻止疾病进展,而恢复丧失的认知能力的前景微乎其微。我们的方法可以帮助改变这一情况,并可能开发真正恢复神经功能的治疗。因此,在设计CPTX时,我们打算开发更多的化合物。在未来的研究中,我们希望改善其性能并探索可能的治疗应用。”

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    2021-11-10 柳叶一刀

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以前有报道说,通过低温电子显微镜观察,阿尔茨海默病、皮克氏病、慢性创伤性脑病和皮质基底变性的tau纤维丝结构是不同的。

Nature子刊重磅研究:告别腰穿!血液检测神经丝光链辅助诊断神经退行性疾病

血液检测神经丝光链水平可以准确地表明有认知问题的人存在潜在的神经变性,如唐氏综合症痴呆症、运动神经元病(ALS)和额颞叶痴呆症。

Nat Rev Neurol. 阿尔茨海默病中的神经炎症和小胶质细胞激活互作相关

阿尔茨海默病(AD)是最常见的神经退行性疾病,目前流行的淀粉样蛋白级联假说认为,脑内淀粉样蛋白-β(Aβ)的沉积是AD发病的起始事件,但众多证据不支持该假说。

iScience:脂肪细胞在认知能力下降和神经退行性疾病中起核心作用

脂肪细胞内的 Na,K-ATPase 信号通路参与多种代谢疾病的发病机制,而系统给药NaKtide,可有效减轻氧化应激、炎症和退行性变表型。但尚不清楚内源性NaKtide在肥胖和大脑病变中的作用。

Nature:饱和脂质诱导星形胶质细胞主动杀死神经元

鉴于星形胶质细胞可以调节中枢神经系统对疾病和损伤的反应,人们猜想,星形胶质细胞可能可以在神经退行性疾病中主动杀死神经元。