Antioxidants:伴或不伴2型糖尿病的冠心病患者血清白蛋白抗氧化特性和糖氧化损伤的负担

2022-09-16 从医路漫漫 MedSci原创

高血糖症和氧化应激增加通过共同的途径导致组织损伤。

背景:2型糖尿病糖尿病(T2DM)与冠状动脉、脑血管和外周动脉疾病的风险增加2至4倍相关。高血糖引起的一系列生化变化,包括蛋白激酶C活化、多元醇和氨基己糖途径流量增加以及非酶蛋白糖基化,也与动脉粥样硬化疾病的发展有关。所有这些分子机制反映了由线粒体电子传递链引起的超氧化物过量产生的单一高血糖诱导过程。高血糖症和氧化应激增加通过共同的途径导致组织损伤。至于蛋白质糖基化,这个过程是一系列步骤中的第一步,导致晚期糖基化终产物(AGE)的产生。戊糖苷是研究最多的糖基化终产物之一,它来源于蛋白质与戊糖或己糖之间的非酶反应。它是一种非常敏感的慢性疾病标志物,并且与糖尿病患者的早期和晚期动脉粥样硬化直接相关。AGE积累能够通过一系列机制确定内皮损伤,包括细胞内蛋白质修饰、细胞外基质中交联的形成以及与AGE受体RAGE的相互作用。

rAGE是细胞表面分子Ig超家族的多配体成员,结合AGE并诱导细胞信号传导,包括核因子κB (NF-κB)的激活、细胞因子和粘附分子表达的增加、氧化应激的诱导以及胞质活性氧的增加。rAGE及其受体可能是糖尿病和非糖尿病患者中冠心病(CHD)存在和严重程度的有用生物标志物;rAGE/rAGE轴与独立于糖尿病的心血管死亡率有关。可溶性RAGE形式(sRAGE)反映了细胞和血浆中RAGE的总浓度。在冠心病患者中,一些临床研究表明,较低的血浆sRAGE水平与冠心病的严重程度呈负相关。然而,其他报告显示,T2DM患者的血清sRAGE水平明显高于非糖尿病受试者,并且与冠心病的存在呈正相关。

人血清白蛋白(HSA)是最丰富的循环蛋白,通过捕获自由基具有重要的抗氧化活性。这种蛋白质通过还原Cys 34的存在发挥这种活性;白蛋白中存在的Cys 34巯基是血浆中所有游离硫醇的最大部分,这赋予了HSA在血浆抗氧化能力中的主要作用。在之前的一篇论文中,Brioschi等人有证据表明,心力衰竭(HF)患者血浆中白蛋白的硫代化(硫代HSA)增加,并诱导白蛋白抗氧化功能的变化,这可能有助于心力衰竭的进展。在血液透析患者的血浆中也观察到了增强的硫代HSA,表明其可能在诱导细胞间和器官间交通的生物反应变化中发挥作用,导致慢性并发症的发展。此外,低HSA水平与心血管疾病(CVD)的发生独立地呈负相关,包括心力衰竭、冠心病、房颤、中风和静脉血栓栓塞,是各种CVD的潜在风险因素。另一方面,如质谱(MS)研究所示,HSA可发生糖基化(GLY-HSA),包括糖尿病患者和受心力衰竭影响的非糖尿病患者。GLY-HSA现在被认为是血糖控制的临床生物标志物,即使它的使用仅限于糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平不能反映血糖状态的临床情况(即妊娠、慢性肾衰竭或输血),或评估代谢控制不佳患者的短期血糖波动。事实上,GLY-HSA反应了大约2-3周的平均血糖,与HbA1c相比,不受红细胞寿命的影响。然而,正如国际和国家建议所述,它还不能用于糖尿病的诊断。

目的:本研究的目的是首次验证在二型糖尿病糖尿病(T2DM)患者和有或无冠心病(CHD)的非糖尿病患者中硫代HSA、糖化HSA (GLY-HSA)和晚期糖化终产物(AGE)累积的不同负荷。

方法:在这项研究中,我们通过质谱法评估了33例同时患有T2DM和冠心病的患者,31例患有T2DM和无冠心病的患者,30例有冠心病病史的无糖尿病患者和27例无糖尿病和冠心病的受试者中HSA、硫代HSA和GLY-HSA修饰形式的存在。记录所有患者的人体测量和临床数据,包括年龄、性别、糖尿病持续时间、体重指数(身体质量指数)、血压和根据既往资料确定的冠心病史。测量代谢参数,如空腹血糖(FPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、血脂、戊糖苷、AGE、晚期糖化终产物受体(RAGE)及其可溶性形式(sRAGE)。

结果:与患有冠心病的非糖尿病患者和对照受试者相比,患有和未患有冠心病的T2DM患者的AGE和戊糖啶显著较高。T2DM患者的RAGE水平明显高于非糖尿病患者,在T2DM患者中,冠心病组的RAGE水平明显高于非冠心病组(分别为217±171 pg/mL和140±61 pg/mL)。白蛋白亚型可以区分患有冠心病的非糖尿病患者和患有或不患有冠心病的T2DM患者以及对照受试者,在患有或不患有冠心病的T2DM患者中GLY-HSA水平较高,在没有T2DM的冠心病患者中硫代-HSA水平较高。最后,我们证明了氧化形式的HSA可以增加单核细胞中炎症细胞因子肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNFα)的表达。在冠心病患者中,GLY-HSA和硫代-HSA具有不同的流行分布,第一种流行于T2DM患者中,第二种流行于非T2DM患者中。

图1 对四组受试者的临床和代谢数据进行评估。在箱形图中,箱形的两端分别代表第一和第三四分位数。每个方框被一条线分开,这条线代表中间值。触须显示对应于[第一个四分位数1.5 ×(四分位数间距)]和[第三个四分位数+ 1.5 ×(四分位数间距)]的值。图表顶部的水平蓝线表示在显著的方差分析之后,通过Tukey的HSD测试进行的组间事后比较。身体质量指数,身体质量指数;CHD,冠心病;FPG,空腹血糖;糖化血红蛋白。* * * p < 0.001* * p < 0.01* p < 0.05。

表1。评估四组受试者的糖化和氧化参数。

图2 评估四组受试者的糖化和氧化参数。在箱形图中,箱形的两端分别代表第一和第三四分位数。每个方框被一条线分开,这条线代表中间值。触须显示对应于[第一个四分位数1.5 ×(四分位数间距)]和[第三个四分位数+ 1.5 ×(四分位数间距)]的值。图表顶部的水平蓝线表示在显著的方差分析之后,通过Tukey的HSD测试进行的组间事后比较。年龄、晚期糖基化终产物;GLY-HSA,糖化白蛋白;晚期糖基化终产物受体;sRAGE,可溶戾气;硫代HSA、硫醇化白蛋白;冠心病,冠心病* * * p < 0.001* * p < 0.01* p < 0.05。

图3.在补充表S2中报告的变量之间相关性最大的变量散点图。每个曲线图都显示了一条拟合线性回归线,其可信区间为95%。Gly-HSA,糖化白蛋白;RAGE,糖基化终末产物受体;sRAGE,可溶性RAGE;HbA1c,糖化血红蛋白

图4.白蛋白异构体和功能效应。(A)再生人血清白蛋白(天然人血清白蛋白-SH)、高度糖化白蛋白(GLY-HSA)和高度硫化白蛋白(THIOHSA)的质谱分析。(B)U937细胞与天然α-SH、Gly-HSA和Thio-HSA孵育2小时后,肿瘤坏死因子-HSA基因表达水平与看家基因18S rRNA比较有显著差异。(C)TRAP法测定硫代人血清白蛋白与血浆抗氧化活性的相关性。曲线图显示具有阴影95%可信区间的拟合线性回归线

结论:这些发现表明,白蛋白质量和糖氧化与硫醇化之间的稳态平衡可能对心血管疾病中的抗氧化防御系统有影响。

原文出处:Piarulli F,  Banfi C,  Brioschi M, et al.The Burden of Impaired Serum Albumin Antioxidant Properties and Glyco-Oxidation in Coronary Heart Disease Patients with and without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Antioxidants (Basel) 2022 Jul 30;11(8)

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    2022-09-15 珙桐
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