紫杉类药物相关周围神经病变,哪些药物可选用?

2020-03-23 高丽丽 医学之声

紫杉类药物如紫杉醇注射液、多西他赛、紫杉醇脂质体和注射用紫杉醇(白蛋白结合型,简称“白蛋白紫杉醇”)

紫杉类药物如紫杉醇注射液、多西他赛、紫杉醇脂质体和注射用紫杉醇(白蛋白结合型,简称“白蛋白紫杉醇”),是一种作用于微管的细胞毒类抗肿瘤药物,临床广泛用于乳腺癌、卵巢癌、非小细胞肺癌、食管癌及胃癌等恶性肿瘤的治疗。

化疗致周围神经病变(CIPN)是紫杉类药物常见的不良反应,CIPN是化疗药物对周围神经功能造成的损伤,及产生的一系列神经功能紊乱症状和体征。紫杉类药物相关周围神经病变的发病机制可能与微管结构紊乱、神经元和非神经元的线粒体受损等有关,主要表现为感觉、运动和自主神经功能缺陷。感觉症状较常见,首先出现于足部和手部,表现为部分感觉异常如麻木、刺痛、振动觉受损和触觉改变等,自发性的烧灼样、放射性、电击样疼痛及机械性/热性痛觉异常或痛觉过度敏感也经常发生;运动症状较感觉症状罕见,包括肢体远端无力、精细运动受损和行走不稳,无力通常会影响四肢,运动障碍可发展为瘫痪;自主神经症状异常的发生率较低,通常表现为直立性低血压、便秘、性功能障碍和排尿困难。

一.紫杉类药物的区别

紫杉类药物相关周围神经病变发生率和缓解时间有所差异。药物溶剂如聚氧乙基代蓖麻油和聚山梨酯80,与神经毒性发生相关。紫杉类药物的剂量(单次和累积剂量)、输注时间和治疗持续时间与周围神经病变发生相关。

紫杉醇脂质体导致的神经系统毒性(周围神经炎)的发生率低于溶剂型紫杉醇。紫杉醇难溶于水,溶剂为聚氧乙烯蓖麻油,后者在体内降解时可释放组胺,致严重的过敏反应,同时其可致轴突肿胀、变性和脱髓鞘,可能与紫杉醇注射液引起的持续性神经病变有关。紫杉醇脂质体不使用聚氧乙烯蓖麻油为溶剂,可在一定程度上避免部分溶剂所致神经病变。此外,多西他赛溶剂为聚山梨酯/吐温80,其可致神经元囊泡变性,诱发神经病变。白蛋白紫杉醇以人源白蛋白为载体,白蛋白浓度与人体浓度相似,增加了紫杉醇的吸收利用度,减少了助溶剂引起的毒性,可能与其降低神经毒性不良反应相关,但因去除了易引起过敏反应和神经毒性的有机溶剂,白蛋白紫杉醇的用药剂量有了较大增加,且给药时间缩短至30min,高剂量和更短的输注时间可能增加周围神经病变发生风险。

此外,年龄、合并症(如糖尿病、甲状腺功能亢进等)、肥胖、吸烟史、饮酒史和神经系统疾病史等可能与周围神经病变风险增加相关。

二.紫杉类药物相关周围神经病变的用药

紫杉类药物相关周围神经病变预防药物如乙酰左旋肉碱、谷胱甘肽、维生素E、氨磷汀、单唾液酸四己糖神经节苷脂(GM1)等,目前尚缺乏大型随机对照试验证据。

紫杉类药物相关周围神经病变治疗药物主要是神经营养类药物与抗神经病理性疼痛药物,神经营养类药物可改善感觉异常周围神经病的临床症状,其作用仍存争议,但临床有一定治疗效果;抗神经病理性疼痛药物可改善外周神经病变的神经病理性疼痛,如三环类抗抑郁药物(阿米替林)、5-羟色胺和去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂(度洛西汀、文拉法辛)和钙通道阻滞剂(加巴喷丁、普瑞巴林)等,其中度洛西汀治疗神经性疼痛被认为得到目前最佳的数据支持。

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    2020-03-24 axin012
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    2020-03-23 飛歌

    学习了很有用不錯

    0