Cell:第二代基因编辑神器诞生,CRISPR/Cpf1让一切皆有可能!

2015-09-28 MedSci 生物探索

1987年,科学家首次描述了CRISPR序列;2010和2011年,研究人员相继发现了该序列的自然生物学功能;2013年,张锋等科学家首次报道了CRISPR-Cas9系统在哺乳动物基因组编辑中的应用。张锋此前发表过大量Cell,Nature,Science文章,是基因编辑领域的超级新星,也是未来诺贝尔奖有力的争夺者。 在过去的3年里,基因编辑神器CRISPR被认为是遗传研究领域的革命性技术;


1987年,科学家首次描述了CRISPR序列;2010和2011年,研究人员相继发现了该序列的自然生物学功能;2013年,张锋等科学家首次报道了CRISPR-Cas9系统在哺乳动物基因组编辑中的应用。张锋此前发表过大量Cell,Nature,Science文章,是基因编辑领域的超级新星,也是未来诺贝尔奖有力的争夺者。

在过去的3年里,基因编辑神器CRISPR被认为是遗传研究领域的革命性技术;科学家用它来编辑农作物、家畜甚至是人类胚胎。通过在不同疾病中运用该技术,研究人员希望有一天可以形成新的疾病治疗方法。为了实现这一点,科学界也一直致力于CRISPR技术的改善研究。

全新基因编辑系统CRISPR/Cpf1

9月25日,发表在《细胞》杂志上的一项研究中,CRISPR技术先驱、Broad研究所合成生物学家张锋领导的研究小组找到一种让该技术更简单、更精准的方法。一种叫做Cpf1的蛋白可能将克服CRISPR-Cas9系统应用中的一些限制。虽然CRISPR-Cas9系统适用于让基因失去功能,但是对于真正实现用一个DNA序列的替换另一个还很困难。

尽管CRISPR比之前的基因编辑方法要简单得多,但是张锋认为仍有改进的余地。他和他的团队搜索了整个细菌王国,找到了一种替代实验室中常用Cas9酶的选择。今年4月,相关论文发表在《自然》杂志上,他们在金黄色葡萄球菌中发现了一个更小版本的Cas9。小的型号让Cas9酶更容易进入成熟细胞,这类细胞是一些潜在疗法的关键“目的地”。

相比Cas9,CRISPR/Cpf1的四大优势

虽然研究小组此次发现的Cpf1蛋白与Cas9相比有很多不同,但是也在一些细菌中与CRISPR共同存在。科学家们评估了来自16种不同细菌的Cpf1酶,最终发现有2种Cpf1能够剪切人类DNA。与Cas9相比,Cpf1有以下四大优势:


第一, 大小不同。Cas9剪切DNA需要两个小RNA分子,而Cpf1只需要一个。Cpf1酶比标准的SpCas9要小,更容易进入组织和细胞。

第二, 剪切方式不同。Cas9是在同一个位置同时剪切DNA分子的双链,最后形成的是分子生物学家常称的平末端;而Cpf1剪切后形成是两个不同长度的链,被称之为黏性末端。平末端通常不容易处理。张锋说:“粘性末端让DNA插入更可控。”

第三, 剪切位置不同。Cpf1剪切时离识别位点很远,这让研究人员在编辑位置的选择上有了更多的选项。

第四, Cpf1系统在目标位置的选择上提供了灵活性。像Cas9一样,Cpf1复合物首先必须连接一个叫做PAM的短序列,目标位置必须是与天然存在的PAM序列相邻。与Cas9相比,Cpf1复合物识别的PAM序列是非常不同的。

新型CRISPR/Cpf1系统谁能用?

CRISPR/Cas9系统巨大的商业价值也引来目前备受关注的专利之争。据MIT Technology Review网站报道,这项新的技术已经提交了专利申请。Broad Institute研究所表示,这个新型的CRISPR/Cpf1系统可以让科研人员使用,也会广泛授权给那些销售体系和化学物质给科研领域的公司。不过,对于哪些公司能够获得使用该技术开发新医学疗法的权利,研究所并未说明。

科学家们如何评价CRISPR/Cpf1系统?是否会优于CRISPR/Cas9?

伦敦帝国学院的表观遗传学家Luca Magnani说:“这个新发现让很多我们之前不同实现的事情变成了可能。”

Broad研究所主任、人类基因组计划主要领导人之一的Eric Lander说:“该研究不仅揭示了一种前所未有的CRISPR系统的功能,同时也表明了Cpf1在编辑人类基因组中非凡强大的功能。Cpf1系统代表了新一代的基因组编辑技术。”

Broad研究所的Levi Garraway说:“Cpf1意想不到的性质以及更精确的基因编辑为各种各样的应用打开了大门,包括癌症研究。”

这种新酶受欢迎程度会超越Cas9酶吗?“现在还为时过早,”张锋说。北卡罗来纳州立大学的分子生物学家Rodolphe Barrangou说:“从长远来讲,目前还不清楚Cpf1是否会优于Cas9。不过,CRISPR/Cpf1系统是生物学领域非常有价值的新工具。”

张锋表示:“我很高兴发现了完全不同的、可用于科学研究和改善人类健康的新型CRISPR酶。”

这项新成果也表明了,研究人员依然可以从不断进化的细菌基因编辑系统中学到很多。目前,张锋依然在寻找其它的DNA“剪刀”。

这项技术未来有望快速应用于人类大量疾病的治疗,包括遗传性疾病,一些慢性疾病之中。

原始出处:

Zhang and colleagues.Cpf1 Is a Single RNA-Guided Endonuclease of a Class 2 CRISPR-Cas System. Cell, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.09.038


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    2016-05-10 智智灵药
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    2015-10-16 zhouxue1990

    中国科学家,雄起

    0

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    2015-09-30 yuandd
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    2015-09-29 owlhealth

    看不懂,挺牛的

    0

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    2015-09-28 hwl985

    技术发展真是日新月异啊!

    0

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