CRISPR-Cas9应用重要研究小结

2016-02-02 佚名 生物谷

(1)已知解脂耶氏酵母(Yarrowia lipolytica)能够将糖分子转化为人工合成很难制造的脂质和碳氢化合物。在此之前,人们一直很难在基因水平上操纵这种酵母,但是应用CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑系统允许科学家们挖掘它的生物制造潜力。 在一项新的研究中,来自美国加州大学河滨分校和克莱姆森大学的研究人员对CRISPR-Cas9加以改造,并利用这个改造的系统成功地在解脂耶氏酵母中

(1)已知解脂耶氏酵母(Yarrowia lipolytica)能够将糖分子转化为人工合成很难制造的脂质和碳氢化合物。在此之前,人们一直很难在基因水平上操纵这种酵母,但是应用CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑系统允许科学家们挖掘它的生物制造潜力。


在一项新的研究中,来自美国加州大学河滨分校和克莱姆森大学的研究人员对CRISPR-Cas9加以改造,并利用这个改造的系统成功地在解脂耶氏酵母中进行基因敲除,和将新的基因导入这种酵母中。研究人员认为,尽管他们当前的研究工作只是利用酵母制造长链碳氢化合物的第一步,但是这也为利用活的有机制造生物燃料分子前体和专用聚合物奠定基础。相关研究结果近期在线发表在ACS Synthetic Biology期刊上。ACS Synthetic Biology, Published online: 29 December 2015, doi:10.1021/acssynbio.5b00162)

(2)人体内所有组织都是由蛋白组成的,每一种蛋白都是由人类基因组中一段DNA编码的。然而,这些编码区大约只占基因组的1%,而且还是分散在基因组的其他99%的碱基序列中,其中这些99%的序列参与调节基因表达,确定哪些编码区将会被翻译成蛋白,以及何时被翻译。

最近几年,鉴定基因组中调控元件的主要技术是使用组蛋白标记,即组蛋白乙酰化或甲基化等化学基团修饰。

在一项新的研究中,来自美国麻省理工学院、哈佛大学和荷兰乌得勒支大学的研究人员利用一种切割靶DNA序列的技术,即CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑系统,从四个已知蛋白编码区中的每个区域附近的数万个碱基对中寻找调控基因表达的调节元件。相关研究结果于2016年1月25日在线发表在Nature Biotechnology期刊上。

为了每隔一段距离进行切割,研究人员设计出4000个向导RNA(guide RNA, gRNA)以便将Cas9切割酶引导到基因组的正确位置上。

在每一个这样的位置上,Cas9会切割DNA。当细胞试图修复那些切口时,修复部位的DNA序列会发生篡改。在某些情况下,这种篡改会阻止细胞表达相应的蛋白质,从而表明基因组调节元件区域的功能重要性。

研究人员随后开展另一组实验,这些实验只针对这些经修改后会干扰蛋白表达的调节元件区域,以便确定它们的精确碱基序列。在他们研究的四个蛋白质编码区中的每个编码区周围,他们发现了多个长约1000个碱基对的DNA片段,这些片段表现出较强的基因表达调控活性的迹象,但是利用组蛋白标志之前却为鉴定出这些片段。这些发现表明人们当前对基因表达调控的看法是不完整的。Nature Biotechnology, Published online: 25 January 2016, doi:10.1038/nbt.3468)

(3)
X-连锁视网膜色素变性(X-linked retinitis pigmentosa,XLRP)是基因RPGR中的单点突变导致的。

在一项新的研究中,来自美国爱荷华大学和哥伦比亚大学的研究人员利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术成功地校正了由XLRP患者皮肤细胞经重编程产生的干细胞中引发失明的基因突变。这项研究的目的旨在修复XLRP患者眼睛中退化的视网膜。

作为一种精确的基因编辑技术,CRISPR/Cas9可以有效校正这种单点改变,更重要的是,由这种经过校正的干细胞产生的组织或许可以在不利用有害药物抑制组织排斥反应的情况下移植到患者体内。

尽管目前利用CRISPR/Cas9技术只能校正13%干细胞中的RPGR基因点突变,但这已非常鼓舞人心。相关研究结果于2016年1月27日在线发表在Scientific Reports期刊上。Scientific Reports, Published online: 27 January 2016, doi:10.1038/srep19969)



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    2016-09-02 摩天轮

    很好的技术

    0

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    2016-02-04 yuandd
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    2016-02-04 respect
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    2016-02-04 yaanren

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