卫生健康委解答百白破疫苗接种补种有关问题

2018-08-16 田晓航、王宾 新华社

新华社北京8月15日消息,国家卫生健康委员会15日通过官方网站就效价指标不合格的百白破疫苗补种有关问题回答公众关切,并表示将做好百白破疫苗接种咨询服务工作。接种过效价指标不合格百白破疫苗可续种补种问:如何查询儿童是否接种了效价指标不合格的百白破疫苗?答:儿童家长或监护人可以查看儿童预防接种证上的百白破疫苗接种记录,与公布的疫苗生产企业和批号进行对照,判断是否接种了相应批号的不合格百白破疫苗。也可

新华社北京8月15日消息,国家卫生健康委员会15日通过官方网站就效价指标不合格的百白破疫苗补种有关问题回答公众关切,并表示将做好百白破疫苗接种咨询服务工作。

接种过效价指标不合格百白破疫苗可续种补种

问:如何查询儿童是否接种了效价指标不合格的百白破疫苗?

答:儿童家长或监护人可以查看儿童预防接种证上的百白破疫苗接种记录,与公布的疫苗生产企业和批号进行对照,判断是否接种了相应批号的不合格百白破疫苗。也可咨询接种单位,由接种单位协助查询所接种百白破疫苗的批号,从而作出判断。

问:接种了效价指标不合格的百白破疫苗会影响免疫效果吗?

答:百白破疫苗效价指标不合格,可能影响免疫保护效果。目前,效价不合格百白破疫苗主要涉及河北、山东、重庆、安徽四省(市)。卫生健康委指导四省(市)卫生计生部门正在组织续种补种。在上述四省(市)接种了效价不合格百白破疫苗的儿童,如果流动到其他地区,也可在当地接种点续种补种。咨询和续种补种时应提供接种记录。续种补种时,按接种常规进行30分钟留观即可。

接种百白破疫苗有助于避免疾病再流行

问:什么是百日咳、白喉和破伤风?

答:百日咳是由百日咳杆菌引起的急性呼吸道传染病,传染源为百日咳病人,通过飞沫传播。临床症状为阵发性痉挛性咳嗽,咳后吸气有特殊“鸡鸣”样高亢声,咳嗽症状可持续2-3个月。本病多发生于<5岁儿童,尤以<6个月婴儿发病率较高。

白喉是由白喉杆菌引起的急性呼吸道传染病。其临床特征为鼻、咽、喉等处黏膜充血、肿胀,并有灰白色假膜形成,可导致呼吸障碍以及外毒素引起的中毒症状。

破伤风是由破伤风杆菌引起的感染性疾病。破伤风杆菌常见于土壤中。皮肤创伤时,破伤风芽孢可被带入伤口,破伤风杆菌在厌氧环境下可产生破伤风毒素,引起破伤风特有的肌肉强直、阵发性痉挛为主的症状。

问:什么是百白破疫苗?为什么要接种百白破疫苗?

答:百白破疫苗是由百日咳杆菌有效组分、白喉类毒素、破伤风类毒素按一定比例混合,并吸附在氢氧化铝佐剂上的联合疫苗,用于预防百日咳、白喉和破伤风。

接种百白破疫苗是预防儿童白喉、破伤风和百日咳的有效措施。由于我国普及儿童免疫,持续提高和保持高水平接种率,形成了有效群体免疫屏障和个体免疫保护,这些疾病的传播和流行得以阻断和遏制。如果停止疫苗接种,随着免疫空白人群形成和不断积累,疾病的重新流行或暴发将不可避免。所以,父母仍需适时为孩子接种国家免疫项目推荐的各种疫苗,保护孩子免受这些疾病的侵害。

科学接种百白破疫苗

问:百白破疫苗适用于什么人群?接种程序是怎样的?禁忌征有哪些?

答:百白破疫苗适用于3月龄—18月龄儿童。儿童国家免疫规划中的百白破疫苗在我国属于第一类疫苗,是免费接种的疫苗。

我国现行的百白破疫苗免疫程序为,无细胞百白破疫苗接种4剂次,分别在儿童3、4、5月龄和18月龄各接种1剂,完成4剂次接种的儿童可得到较好的保护效果。

接种百白破疫苗的禁忌征包括:严重过敏体质(已知对该疫苗的任何成分过敏者);发热、患急性疾病、慢性疾病的急性发作期;中枢神经系统疾病(如脑病、癫痫);曾接种百白破联合疫苗后发生神经系统反应者。

问:接种百白破疫苗前后应该注意些什么?

答:一是接种前应如实向预防接种医生和护士告知儿童身体健康状况。

二是若有感冒、发热等症状,待恢复健康后进行补种,补种时告知上次接种是否出现过不适或过敏情况,以便医生筛查接种禁忌,决定本次是否给孩子接种。

三是接种后须在预防接种单位留观至少30分钟。留观期间,家长需要注意观察儿童的健康状况,如出汗、面色苍白、脉速而弱,四肢湿冷、发绀、烦躁不安、意识不清或完全丧失等症状,家长需要马上请接种人员处置。

四是若儿童出现轻度发热等一般反应,通常不需任何处理(若高烧不退或伴有其他并发症者,应及时到医院就诊)。

五是接种当天不要给孩子洗澡,避免接种部位感染

六是接种后局部可能有硬结,1-2个月即可吸收,接种第2剂时应换另侧部位。

问:接种百白破疫苗后可能有哪些不良反应?该如何处理?

答:接种百白破疫苗后24小时内少数儿童可能出现发热,一般持续1-2天,很少超过3天。此外,少数儿童还可能出现头痛、头晕、乏力、全身不适等,一般持续1-2天。个别儿童可出现恶心、呕吐、腹泻等胃肠道症状,一般以接种当天多见,很少超过2-3天。

发热在≤37.5℃时,应加强观察,适当休息,多饮水,防止继发其他疾病;发热≤37.5℃并伴有其他全身症状、异常哭闹等情况或发热>37.5℃时,应及时就诊。

少数儿童在接种后数小时至24小时接种局部出现红肿和硬结,红肿和硬结直径<15mm的局部反应,一般不需任何处理;红肿直径在15-30mm的局部反应,可用干净的毛巾冷敷,出现硬结者可热敷,每日数次,每次10-15分钟;≥30mm的局部反应,应及时就诊。

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