打破传统观点,重视十二指肠球部溃疡癌变可能

2018-08-23 刘兆辉 范爽 丛靓 消化界

既往教科书或文献认为,十二指肠球部溃疡不癌变。吉林大学第二医院刘兆辉等报告了2例球部溃疡癌变的患者,均经病理活检证实为十二指肠腺癌。这就提示,对“十二指肠球部溃疡不癌变”的观点需要审慎对待。

既往教科书或文献认为,十二指肠球部溃疡不癌变。吉林大学第二医院刘兆辉等报告了2例球部溃疡癌变的患者,均经病理活检证实为十二指肠腺癌。这就提示,对“十二指肠球部溃疡不癌变”的观点需要审慎对待。

病例1

患者男性,71岁,因腹胀2个月入院。腹胀呈间断性,无明显腹痛,排气、排便后无明显缓解,口服“药”后腹胀无明显缓解。入院前1周无明显诱因出现反复恶心、呕吐,呕吐物为当日进食物,无咖啡样物质,未诊治。入院前1 d出现后背部疼痛。病程中体质量下降约15 kg。

查体:体温36.6 ℃,心率84次/ min,血压133/78mmHg,神志清,全身皮肤及巩膜无黄染,浅表淋巴结未触及肿大,心肺查体未见明显阳性体征。腹部外形稍饱满,未见肠型及蠕动波,无腹壁静脉曲张。腹软,上腹部轻度压痛,无反跳痛及肌紧张。腹部叩诊呈鼓音,移动性浊音阴性,肠鸣音4次/ min。余查体未见异常。

血常规:血红蛋白含量126g/L(130~173g/L),红细胞比容38.9% (40.0%~50.0%)。

肿瘤标志物:细胞角质蛋白19片段8.04 ng/ml(0 ~2.08 ng/ml),肿瘤相关抗原 CA19-9 50.67 U/ml(0 ~37 U/ml)。

胃镜(见图 1):食管散在多发灰白色增生结节,大者约0.3 cm ×0.2 cm,下段黏膜充血、水肿,管腔通畅;贲门黏膜充血、水肿;胃底、胃体、胃窦黏膜局限性充血、水肿;胃角形态正常;幽门变形;十二指肠球部前壁、小弯侧见一大小约 3.5 cm ×2.0 cm溃疡,基底覆白苔,周围黏膜充血水肿,黏膜集中,局部增生,取2块送检,病变致管腔明显狭窄,镜身未通过,退镜。


图 1 十二指肠胃镜下图片
A:十二指肠狭窄; B:十二指肠溃疡

病理:(十二指肠)送检组织内见少量异型腺体,考虑腺癌(见图2)。患者家属考虑患者身体状态欠佳,未治,出院。


图 2 十二指肠组织病理HE染色图片
A:100 × ;B:200 ×

病例2

患者男性,63 岁,因上腹部不适 1 个月,呕血、黑便10 d入院。腹痛为间断性隐痛,无恶心、呕吐,无明显腹痛,未在意。入院前10 d无明显诱因出现呕血、黑便,于当地医院住院系统治疗后好转,行胃镜检查,病理提示胃窦大弯:胃黏膜炎伴急性活动,部分腺体中度异型增生。幽门前区:胃黏膜炎伴急性活动,部分腺体呈原位癌改变。为求进一步诊治来我院。

查体:体温36.6℃,心率77次/min,血压132/70mmHg,神志清楚,全身皮肤及巩膜无黄染,浅表淋巴结未触及肿大,心肺查体未见明显阳性体征。腹部平坦,未见胃肠型及蠕动波,无腹壁静脉曲张。腹软,剑突下轻度压痛,无反跳痛及肌紧张。腹部叩诊呈鼓音,移动性浊音阴性,肠鸣音4次/ min。余查体未见异常。 血常规:红细胞计数 4.01×1012/L[(4.30 ~5.80)×1012/L],血红蛋白含量113 g/ L(130 ~173 g/ L),红细胞比容37.8%(40.0%~50.0%)。

胃部CT:胃体部大弯侧多发结节状软组织影,胃窦部及十二指肠球部、降部肠壁增厚。

胃镜:食管黏膜光滑,色泽正常,管腔通畅;贲门、胃底、胃体黏膜局限性充血、水肿;胃角形态正常;胃窦黏膜变薄,红白相间,以白为主,可透见黏膜下血管网,前壁及后壁近幽门各见一溃疡,大者约 0.8 cm ×0.6 cm,基底覆少许白苔,周边黏膜充血、水肿,取病理送检;幽门圆形;十二指肠球部前壁至后壁见一溃疡,基底覆少许白苔,周边黏膜充血、水肿,球部变形,取2块送检,质脆,易出血。

病理:胃窦前壁黏膜腺体有肠上皮化生及高级别非典型增生,不能除外癌变,建议必要时再检;胃窦后壁黏膜腺体有肠上皮化生及低级别非典型增生;十二指肠中-低分化腺癌。行剖腹探查术见肿瘤位于十二指肠球部延伸至降部与水平部交接处,约10 cm ×8 cm,侵犯横结肠肝区并向结肠腔内突出,侵犯胰腺被膜。与家属沟通后决定不行根治性手术治疗,行胃肠吻合术。术后予以对症治疗,切口愈合良好后出院。

讨论

原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤少见,占全部胃肠道恶性肿瘤的0.3%~1.0%;位置多见于十二指肠降段,少见于上下两端,球部更罕见。一般教科书或文献认为,十二指肠球部溃疡不癌变,但近年来偶有文献报道十二指肠溃疡癌变,可能将要改变既往观点。十二指肠球部恶性肿瘤中,十二指肠球部溃疡最易误诊为良性溃疡。十二指肠球部溃疡是临床上常见的消化性溃疡,多位于前壁及小弯侧。临床上,对于年龄≥50岁的近来出现消化不良者和任意年龄段具有消化系肿瘤家族史、不明原因的明显消瘦、贫血、呕血、黑便、持续性呕吐、检查发现腹部包块及腹部淋巴结肿大者提示器质性病变,均建议行内镜检查以排除上消化道肿瘤。内镜检查时十二指肠球部溃疡习惯被视为良性,原则上不行病理检查,一是因为一般观点均认为十二指肠癌变概率几乎为零,二是因为十二指肠组织结构上肠壁较薄,且球部血供丰富,活检易致球部出血或穿孔。

近年来,随着内镜仪器设备的不断更新和医技人员操作技术的逐步提高,及医师对此疾病认识的不断提高,有关十二指肠球部溃疡癌变的病例时有报道。 十二指肠球部溃疡癌变的主要诊断依据是在患者有慢性溃疡的病史或镜下表现,溃疡周围腺体增生癌变,并向纤维组织和肌层内浸润,在溃疡的底部可见陈旧性瘢痕组织。因此,溃疡底部的陈旧性瘢痕组织是慢性溃疡的主要依据,也是与溃疡性癌的鉴别点之一。

本文2例报道说明,十二指肠球部溃疡可以引起癌变,尤以病例1中的典型溃疡为例,应引起临床医师的重视。对于年龄较大、溃疡面积较大者,应高度警惕并谨慎,尽早完善病理检查,避免漏诊、误诊。 目前,十二指肠球部腺癌的治疗方式仍以手术为主,胰十二指肠切除术是常用的手术方式,尤其对于十二指肠降部的肿瘤,对于伴转移的、无法切除的十二指肠腺癌,预后较差。

原始出处:

刘兆辉, 范爽, 丛靓,等. 十二指肠球部溃疡癌变2例报道[J]. 胃肠病学和肝病学杂志, 2018(3).

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    2018-08-25 秀红

    学习了

    0

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    2018-08-25 axin014
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    2018-08-24 liumin1987

    十二指肠球部溃疡也有癌变的可能。

    0

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    2018-08-23 131****1460

    学习了受益匪浅

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