重磅!2016中国成人血脂异常防治指南更新要点解析

2016-10-25 复旦大学附属华山医院 李勇 中国医学论坛报

最新一版的《中国成人血脂异常防治指南》已于2016年10月24日正式发布,距2007年发布的上一版指南已接近十年。近十年间,血脂领域无论在循证证据还是在药物研发方面均有进一步更新。在诸骏仁教授和高润霖教授领导下,指南制定专家组以我国流行病学数据及随机对照研究证据为基础,结合我国真实世界临床实践的国情,同时参考国际指南的变迁,修订工作参考了世界卫生组织、中华医学会临床指南制定的标准流程,在指南修

最新一版的《中国成人血脂异常防治指南》已于2016年10月24日正式发布,距2007年发布的上一版指南已接近十年。近十年间,血脂领域无论在循证证据还是在药物研发方面均有进一步更新。在诸骏仁教授和高润霖教授领导下,指南制定专家组以我国流行病学数据及随机对照研究证据为基础,结合我国真实世界临床实践的国情,同时参考国际指南的变迁,修订工作参考了世界卫生组织、中华医学会临床指南制定的标准流程,在指南修订过程中,由国家心血管病中心筹集资金,避免与厂家产生利益冲突,历时二年最终制定出了《中国血脂异常处理指南2016修订版》(后文简称新指南)。本文旨在对最新血脂指南更新要点进行梳理。
 

李勇教授
1
强调胆固醇在致ASCVD中的关键作用

胆固醇致动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(ASCVD,包括急性冠脉综合征、稳定性冠心病、血运重建术后、缺血性心肌病、缺血性卒中、短暂性脑缺血发作、外周动脉粥样硬化病等)的作用机制早已明确,新指南中仍坚持这点不动摇。胆固醇在冠心病和ASCVD发病中具有至关重要的致病性作用,降低血液低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平来防控ASCVD心血管风险已达成全球共识。
 
2
关注总体心血管危险评估
新指南强调,全面评价ASCVD 总体危险是防治血脂异常的必要前提。首次明确中国人群的胆固醇理想水平是LDL-C<2.6mmol/L。评价个体ASCVD 总体危险,不仅有助于确定血脂异常患者调脂治疗的决策,也有助于临床医生针对多重危险因素,制定出个体化的综合治疗决策,从而最大程度降低患者ASCVD总体危险。

在进行危险评估时,已诊断ASCVD 者直接列为极高危人群;符合如下条件之一者直接列为高危人群:①LDL-C ≥ 4.9mmol/L( 190 mg/dl);②1.8 mmol/L( 70 mg/dl)≤ LDL-C<4.9mmol/L(190 mg/dl)且年龄在40 岁及以上的糖尿病患者。符合上述条件的极高危和高危人群不需要按危险因素个数进行ASCVD 危险分层。不具有以上3 种情况的个体,在考虑是否需要调脂治疗时,应按照下图流程进行未来10 年间ASCVD 总体发病危险的评估。
 
图 ASCVD危险评估流程图 
3
推荐LDL-C作为首要干预靶点

血脂异常尤其是LDL-C 升高是导致ASCVD 发生、发展的关键因素。大量临床研究反复证实,无论采取何种药物或措施,只要能使血清LDL-C 水平显著降低,就可稳定、延缓或甚至逆转动脉粥样硬化病变,并能显著减少ASCVD 的发生率、致残率和死亡率。国内外血脂异常防治指南均强调,LDL-C 在ASCVD 发病中起着核心作用,提倡以降低血LDL-C 水平来防控ASCVD 危险。所以,新指南推荐以LDL-C 为首要干预靶点(I 类推荐,A 级证据)。 

4
坚持基于ASCVD危险设定降脂目标

新指南对不同危险人群推荐了降脂达标值(表1)。同时也特别指出,对极高危患者,LDL-C基线较高不能达目标值者,LDL-C应至少降低50%;若LDL-C基线在目标值以内者,仍须将LDL-C降低30%以上。新指南对LDL-C目标值的推荐较2007版血脂指南更为积极。
 
表1 不同ASCVD危险人群降LDL-C或非-HDL-C治疗达标值 

5
强调生活方式是治疗基础

新指南强调,血脂异常与饮食和生活方式有密切关系,饮食治疗和改善生活方式是血脂异常治疗的基础措施。无论是否选择药物调脂治疗,都必须坚持控制饮食和改善生活方式(表2)。

表2 生活方式改变基本要素 

6
他汀类药物是首选降脂药物

近20 年来,多项大规模临床试验结果一致显示,他汀类药物在ASCVD 一级和二级预防中均能显著降低心血管事件(包括心肌梗死、冠心病死亡和缺血性卒中等)危险。他汀类已成为防治这类疾病最为重要的药物。所以,为了调脂达标,临床应首选他汀类调脂药物(I 类推荐,A 级证据)。现有证据反复证实他汀降低ASCVD的获益程度与其降低LDL-C的幅度呈正相关关系。他汀存在降脂外的多效性,但其临床获益并未被充分证实,我国进行的ALPACS研究和ISCAP研究均表明,经皮冠脉介入治疗(PCI)术前短期使用大剂量阿托伐他汀并未带来临床获益。

7
兼顾疗效及安全是他汀类药物选择的基本原则

他汀类药物适用于高胆固醇血症、混合性高脂血症和ASCVD 患者。目前国内临床上有瑞舒伐他汀、洛伐他汀、辛伐他汀、普伐他汀、氟伐他汀、阿托伐他汀,匹伐他汀以及具有中国循证医学证据的天然他汀药物血脂康。不同种类与剂量的他汀降胆固醇幅度有较大差别,但任何一种他汀剂量倍增时,LDL-C 进一步降低幅度仅约6%,即所谓“他汀疗效6% 效应”。指南推荐中等强度他汀作为中国血脂异常人群的常用治疗药物。

大规模研究广泛证实他汀获益基于其降低LDL-C的程度,与他汀种类无关,因此,他汀的选择基于初始剂量下即能大幅降低LDL-C水平为基础,兼顾LDL-C达标与患者长期依从性是降脂治疗基本原则,指南推荐中等强度他汀应作中国血脂异常治疗的常用药物,降脂不达标可考虑调整剂量,他汀不耐受或不达标可考虑联合其他降脂药。所有他汀常用剂量能有效降低LDL-C,可满足中国大部分极高危、高危患者的降脂治疗需要。其中,JUPITER研究和HOPE-3研究的循证医学研究以及多个降脂治疗的荟萃分析证明,瑞舒伐他汀常用剂量下可大幅度降低LDL-C达40%~50%,对包括中国患者在内的CVD中危及高危患者人群,长期使用瑞舒伐他汀能带来显着心血管获益,且长期随访安全性耐受性良好。指南明确指出阿托伐他汀80 mg国人经验不足,须谨慎使用(表3)。
 
表3 他汀类药物降胆固醇强度 

8
他汀类药物不达标或不耐受考虑联合非他汀类药物

新版指南还指出,他汀类药物是血脂异常药物治疗的基石,推荐将中等强度的他汀作为中国血脂异常人群的常用药物,如未能达标考虑调整药物剂量或种类,他汀不耐受或胆固醇水平不达标者或严重混合型高脂血症者应考虑调脂药物的联合应用,首先应考虑常规剂量他汀+依折麦布的联合治疗策略。联合治疗时注意观察调脂药物的不良反应。 

9
他汀总体安全性良好

指南强调,绝大多数人对他汀的耐受性良好,其不良反应多见于接受大剂量他汀治疗者。肝功能异常主要表现为转氨酶升高,发生率约0.5%~3.0%,呈剂量依赖性。失代偿性肝硬化及急性肝功能衰竭是他汀类药物应用禁忌证。

他汀类药物相关肌肉不良反应包括肌痛、肌炎和横纹肌溶解。患者有肌肉不适和(或)无力,且连续检测肌酸激酶呈进行性升高时,应减少他汀类剂量或停药。

长期服用他汀有增加新发糖尿病的危险,属他汀类效应。他汀类对心血管疾病的总体益处远大于新增糖尿病危险,无论是糖尿病高危人群还是糖尿病患者,有他汀类治疗适应证者都应坚持服用此类药物。

他汀治疗可引起认知功能异常,但多为一过性,发生率不高。荟萃分析结果显示他汀对肾功能无不良影响。
 
小结

总之,新指南结合了我国人群的经济状况、流行病学资料、临床研究最新证据,从临床实践出发,危险分层简洁方便、更适合临床应用,坚持胆固醇理论的基本原则、强调LDL-C的核心地位,以他汀为首选治疗,设定目标值,具有很强的可操作性和参考价值,更符合我国国情。

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    2017-07-12 hongbochen
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    2016-10-27 xxxx1054
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1988233, encodeId=fb4d198823358, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=327e563967e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#指南更新#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=22, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56396, encryptionId=327e563967e, topicName=指南更新)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=04ce158, createdName=lxg951, createdTime=Mon Apr 24 08:44:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1672805, encodeId=649416e2805a8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b79b910345c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#解析#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91034, encryptionId=b79b910345c, topicName=解析)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f42d26916490, createdName=hongbochen, createdTime=Wed Jul 12 17:44:00 CST 2017, time=2017-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2078317, encodeId=831520e831799, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b6c09e42962' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#防治指南#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=97429, encryptionId=b6c09e42962, topicName=防治指南)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=322359, createdName=bioon3, createdTime=Fri May 19 18:44:00 CST 2017, time=2017-05-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1253726, encodeId=76871253e260e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cbd48992056' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#血脂异常#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=89920, encryptionId=cbd48992056, topicName=血脂异常)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=30bd35, createdName=bugit, createdTime=Thu Oct 27 04:44:00 CST 2016, time=2016-10-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1548921, encodeId=e916154892156, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f7879600061' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#重磅#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=96000, encryptionId=f7879600061, topicName=重磅)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3acc14121561, createdName=xxxx1054, createdTime=Thu Oct 27 04:44:00 CST 2016, time=2016-10-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=151128, encodeId=73c115112863, content=学习了,赞一个!!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRuUXgacXpPeW0x8Z3Qr9c3I2kTic4ZIpR29iaftYgkjRcbv982icYMtqANBPYBgPnOia6mVtX76qMXuc/0, createdBy=d85d1636106, createdName=lietome2, createdTime=Tue Oct 25 14:01:03 CST 2016, time=2016-10-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-10-25 lietome2

    学习了,赞一个!!!

    0

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