哪些心脏超声表现,几乎没有临床意义?

2019-10-11 孔令秋 孔较瘦

我们在临床中经常会遇到各种各样的问题,尤其是不从事心血管的医生以及患者和家属,他们对于一些心脏超声表现中的所谓「异常」,经常忧心忡忡,我们总要花费很大的气力去解释。

我们在临床中经常会遇到各种各样的问题,尤其是不从事心血管的医生以及患者和家属,他们对于一些心脏超声表现中的所谓「异常」,经常忧心忡忡,我们总要花费很大的气力去解释。

实际上,在超声检查报告中,有一些征象是没有太大意义,或根本没有任何意义的。本文是一篇科普文章,专门为这些所谓的「异常」扫盲,欢迎大家转发分享。

心脏超声检查中,下列表现可能没有意义或意义甚微。如果懒得记忆,就把下面这几个题目熟悉一下就可以。想要再深入了解的,可以继续阅读下面的解析。
多次对照、变化不大的心脏超声测值
偶尔发现的欧式瓣
偶尔发现的Chiari网
右心房终末嵴
瓣膜形态、房室大小功能正常的房室瓣反流
随访没有变化的、轻度肺动脉瓣反流
华法林嵴
房间隔脂肪瘤样肥厚
不合并矛盾栓塞、减压病的卵圆孔未闭
左心室假腱索
局限、微量的心包积液
没有任何症状的『舒张功能不全』

一、多次对照、变化不大的心脏超声测值

心脏是一个相对不规则的器官,而且每天生生不息地在跳动。即便业内有相对统一的测量方法,但要保证同质化还是有点难。要保证每次测量一致,须保证同样的方法、同样的测量位置、同样的切面、同样的测量时相。就算是同一个测量医生,也很难保证没有误差。因此对于那些多次对照、变化不大的心脏超声测值,尤其在正常范围以内的、毫米级的测量差异,可忽略不计,更不需要短时间内反复、多次的检查。凡有心血管危险因素或者疾病的患者,可长期随访。



心脏不停跳动且不规则,想规避测量误差挺难的

二、偶尔发现的欧式瓣

欧式瓣(Eustachian瓣)是心脏右房内异常条索结构,是胚胎发育过程中下腔静脉瓣或冠状静脉窦瓣发育过长或吸收不完全,而先天性残留在右房内的条索结构(也称残存下腔静脉瓣) 。在进行右心导管检查、起搏器植入术、射频消融术的患者,过度冗长的欧式瓣,有可能导致导管进入右心困难或缠绕电极,但绝大多数的欧式瓣没有临床血流动力学意义。


欧式瓣(Eustachian valve)

三、偶尔发现的Chiari网

Chiari网为位于右心房中的网状的胚胎残存结构,与欧式瓣一样,也是系胚胎发育过程中吸收不完全的下腔静脉瓣和冠状窦瓣退化形成。这种患者常无临床症状或体征,其在普通人群中的发生率约为2%。与欧式瓣一样,对健康人而言,绝大多数的Chiari网没有临床血流动力学意义,但若患者进行右心系统的导管检查或治疗,应引起重视。另外在房颤的患者,应警惕可能发生血栓或肺栓塞可能。 




Chiari网:右房内的网状结构

四、右心房终末嵴

终末嵴(界嵴)是右心房内的一个正常解剖结构,它一直都在那里,只是很多人不了解。超声表现往往是在四腔内切面中,在右心房顶部的一个大小不一的突起,临床中误诊为占位的不少。CT和磁共振检查中,类似的断面,也能发现这一结构。心脏电生理医生对此并不陌生,作为天然的解剖屏障,房性心动过速的射频治疗往往与之有关。 



心尖四腔心切面,常在右房顶观察到这一结构,容易误诊为占位

五、瓣膜形态、房室大小功能正常的房室瓣反流

世界上没有透风的墙,也就允许存在微量和少量反流的房室瓣存在。对于瓣膜形态、房室大小及功能正常的房室瓣反流,无须大惊小怪。不放心的可以一年左右复查一次心脏超声。 

六、随访没有变化的、轻度肺动脉瓣反流

肺动脉瓣反流是很常见的,真正因为反流导致血流动力学障碍的,反而比较少,多数见于法四术后的患者等。对于体检偶然发现的少量反流,肺动脉压力不高、内径不宽的,临床意义甚小。若在随访中上述指标也没有变化,则更没意义,不必引起恐慌。

七、华法林嵴

华法林嵴(Coumadin ridge)是左心房内的一个正常解剖结构,与终末嵴一样,人家一直都在那里,只是很多人不认识,最后还被误诊为血栓之类的疾病,其后果就是导致患者服用不必要的华法林(商品名Coumadin ),所以才有了这个名字。华法林嵴常位于左心房侧壁,但也可位于心房顶部,表现为左心耳与左上肺静脉之间的肌性嵴样凸起,并不罕见。超声心动图上可表现为Q尾征(Q-tip sign)或棉签样改变。 



心尖四腔心切面,常在左房侧壁观察到这一结构

八、房间隔脂肪瘤样肥厚

房间隔脂肪瘤样肥厚(lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum,LHIS)是指脂肪细胞在心脏房间隔的增殖,而产生的对房间隔相邻结构组织的挤压的一系列病症。但由于瘤体较小,病人无任何症状,常在超声体检或尸检时才发现。但若瘤体巨大,可能会产生压迫或阻塞血液回流的作用。CT和磁共振有助于鉴别诊断



房间隔脂肪瘤样肥厚超声表现

九、不合并矛盾栓塞、减压病的卵圆孔未闭

既往多认为卵圆孔未闭对人体影响较小,但是随着对矛盾栓塞的认识提高,人们开始意识到这种解剖结构可能会导致中风、偏头痛、减压病等。卵圆孔这个位置本身也可能形成血栓并脱落导致栓塞。目前关于卵圆孔未闭封堵的临床试验,结果都不尽人意。作为一个常见解剖异常,在没有确凿证据显示其是矛盾栓塞、减压病的元凶巨恶的情况下,不需要常规进行封堵。



卵圆孔未闭,左向右分流

十、左心室假腱索

左心室假腱索可起源于左心室任何一侧壁,多见于前壁和乳头肌,终止于室间隔膜部、肌部或心尖部,少数假腱索起止于乳头肌、心尖部和游离壁之间,极少数位于左心室流出道和主动脉瓣。它一般呈索条状,单条或多条,大致可分为含有和不含有心肌传导组织两大类。既往认为,假腱索可能会因心脏舒缩使其受到机械性牵拉,成为室性早搏的原因。但实际上绝大多数的假腱索没有症状,也没有太大的临床意义。 



食管中段四腔心切面,左心室假腱索

十一、局限、微量的心包积液

正常心包腔内便有少量润滑液体,超声检查中常在右心房顶部等位置发现一些积液存在。如果患者没有炎症、结核、肿瘤等疾病,这种局限、微量的液体,既没有血流动力学意义,也没有临床意义;焦虑患者可定期复查,只是间隔时间可以尽量久一些。

十二、没有任何症状的『舒张功能不全』

与收缩功能相比,舒张功能的评估更加复杂。目前为止,超声心动图是评估舒张功能最重要的无创性手段,但舒张功能评估很难找到一个孤立的指标直接诊断,而且目前关于舒张功能降低的诊断,过于简单粗暴,很多人看到二尖瓣血流的E峰小于A峰就下诊断,并不妥当。这只是患者左心室松弛受损的表现,随着年龄的增大,可以出现这种所谓的「异常」。若要判断是否有舒张功能不全,应该多种参数的有机结合,并且根据是否有心衰症状体征,判断能否诊断射血分数保留的心衰。

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    2022-04-10 ms4408957580485341

    好文,期待更多类似文章!

    0

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    2021-07-28 Alice-

    学习了

    0

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    2020-10-18 彧日东升

    有点意思

    0

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    2019-10-25 147612bem32暂无昵称

    牛逼

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