Neurology:非酒精性脂肪性肝病:这种代谢状况有脑功能后遗症吗?

2022-07-29 Naomi MedSci原创

几种机制可能促进NAFLD患者的认知能力下降。最近的证据表明NAFLD与不良认知结果独立相关。未来的研究应关注NAFLD持续时间和轨迹与认知下降和痴呆风险的关系。

在全球范围内,每4名成人中就有1名患有非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)。NAFLD包括从脂肪变性到非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)的一系列疾病,是肝硬化和肝细胞癌的主要原因,并表现出与代谢综合征成分的双向相关性。NAFLD筛查可以预防血管疾病、肝外和肝脏恶性肿瘤。痴呆症是60岁以上成年人的另一种常见疾病,也是发达国家残疾和老年保健负担的主要原因。在全球范围内,其患病率估计约为4.7%,其中60-80%是由阿尔茨海默病(AD)引起的,其特征是aβ-淀粉样蛋白和神经原纤维缠结的病理性脑沉积。迟发性AD (LOAD)的遗传基础解释了其发病率的一小部分,教育、吸烟、缺乏运动、抑郁、中年肥胖、高血压和2型糖尿病等因素可能解释了LOAD变化的一半。鉴于痴呆和NAFLD均无法治愈,预防工作是减轻其负担的关键,尤其是作为中年肥胖和相关心脏代谢风险因素对这两种情况都有影响,并对生活方式的改变有反应。此外,NAFLD可能通过肝脑轴直接促进脑结构的变化而引发年龄相关的认知能力下降,所述肝脑轴涉及几种炎症(肝脂肪激活小胶质细胞,增加脑细胞因子表达)和非炎症(胰岛素抵抗、氧化应激、血液动力学)途径。

在上一则资讯中介绍了Rotterdam等人进行的相关研究(一项正在进行的前瞻性队列研究)。其中,NAFLD被定义为脂肪肝指数(FLI)≥60或腹部超声(AU)脂肪变性,纤维化被定义为肝硬度测量(LSM)≥8.0 kpa。认知能力使用涵盖多个领域的大量测试进行评估,而事件性痴呆则使用DSM-III-R标准进行诊断。考虑了来自三组患者的数据:组1的患者在1997-2002年登记(n=3,975,平均年龄:70岁,随访:15.5年)并进行FLI测量;第2组和第3组患者在2009-2014年入选(第2组:n=4,577,平均年龄:69.9岁,随访:5.7年,AU数据可用;第三组:n = 3,300,平均年龄:67.6岁,随访:5.6年,LSM数据可用)。作者发现NAFLD和纤维化与痴呆风险增加无关(基于FLI的NAFLD的风险比(HR)为HR=0.92 (95%可信区间(CI),0.69-1.22,纤维化的风险比为HR=1.07 (95% CI,0.58-1.99)),并且他们没有检测到NAFLD和认知功能受损之间的任何关系。出乎意料的是,在五年的随访中,NAFLD具有潜在的保护作用(HR=0.48,95% CI: 0.24-0.94),这表明NAFLD的消退是由痴呆前的体重减轻驱动的。

这些发现重复了已发表的研究,表明单纯脂肪变性不是认知功能障碍的独立风险因素。这些发现还表明,可能需要更严重的NAFLD分期(以更高的NAFLD特异性纤维化评分为代表)来预测体弱和老年人群中更晚期的纤维化。对肝纤维化的组织学阶段进行分类的单一LSM评分可能是不够的,更高的LSM值在9.7 kPa之间,而13.6 kPa可能更能反映晚期肝纤维化。因此,可能需要与肝炎相一致的白质回路中较高的局部炎症水平来影响认知。

几种机制可能促进NAFLD患者的认知能力下降。尽管认知功能障碍与NAFLD和代谢综合征相关的特征(如血管功能障碍、睡眠呼吸暂停和全身炎症)有关,但最近的证据表明NAFLD与不良认知结果独立相关:

  1. 具体来说,NAFLD可能会引发肠道微生物群生态失调和尿素循环功能障碍,有利于氨积累并促进进一步的全身炎症。肠-脑-肝轴中断是肝性脑病(一种由进行性肝病引起的神经精神综合征)的病因关键。
  2. 全身炎症也可能是联系晚期肝纤维化和脑健康的一个因素,因为它与AD有关。
  3. 事实上,神经影像技术的最新进展允许对中年人前驱AD期间的淀粉样蛋白β (Aβ)和tau沉积进行体内定量,揭示了AD和晚期肝纤维化之间的联系,而不依赖于心脏代谢危险因素。事实上,肝脏负责各种复杂的代谢过程,鉴于其在Aβ清除中已被证实的作用,肝脏可能是参与AD病理和进展的关键器官。
  4. 此外,AD和NAFLD共享一个189个基因的共表达网络,包括低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白1 (LRP1),它参与Aβ从大脑到血液的清除,并在肝脏和血脑屏障中共表达。
  5. 血脑屏障是否受到非神经系统病变(如NAFLD)的影响,从而损害外周清除率,值得进一步研究。

肖等人的研究虽然有很多优点,但也有一些局限性。应谨慎解释随访5年内发现的主要保护作用。首先,这一群体完全是欧洲人,研究结果可能无法推广到其他人群。作者确定的其他限制包括缺乏用于评估NAFLD纤维化的肝活检,以及使用较低的LSM评分来表征它。希望在不久的将来,使用来自系列血清样品的蛋白质组分析来量化早期与晚期肝纤维化的高级诊断方法,与弹性成像结合使用,可以避免将肝活检作为评估肝纤维化病理阶段的“黄金法则”。作者还列出了残留混杂、暴露持续时间信息的缺乏、少量未量化纤维化患者(n=192)、与认知相关的横断面分析和幸存者偏倚作为限制。未来的研究应关注NAFLD持续时间和轨迹与认知下降和痴呆风险的关系。

文献来源:Beydoun M, Canas JA. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Does This Metabolic Condition Have Brain Function Sequelae? [published online ahead of print, 2022 May 26]. Neurology. 2022;10.1212/WNL.0000000000200842. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000200842

 

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    2022-08-19 qjddjq
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    2023-04-11 yinhl1978
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    2022-07-29 huirong
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维持足够的血清25(OH)D浓度可能对NAFLD的预防和缓解都有好处。

Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol:非酒精性脂肪性肝病和糖尿病相互作用的全球视野

非酒精性脂肪肝已经成为一种流行病,全球范围内肥胖和2型糖尿病患病率的上升推动了葡萄糖和脂质代谢途径的损害。NAFLD既可被视为糖尿病流行的驱动力,也可被视为糖尿病流行的结果。

拓展阅读

【APASL2024速递】聚乙二醇干扰素α-2b可显著改善合并NAFLD的慢乙肝患者代谢紊乱

所有临床治愈的慢乙肝患者都来自聚乙二醇干扰素α-2b治疗组(PEG IFNα-2b单药或联合NA)。合并NAFLD的慢乙肝患者基于PEG IFNα-2b治疗后,BMI、CAP、TG、尿酸均显著改善。

【AASLD2023速递】在抗病毒治疗应答不佳的慢乙肝患者中,超40%的患者合并NAFLD

在抗病毒治疗应答不佳的慢乙肝患者中,有43%的患者合并NAFLD。

【期刊导读】合并NAFLD的慢性HBV感染者更容易存在显著肝脏炎症和进展期肝纤维化

研究表明:NAFLD与显著肝脏炎症独立相关,并且加重慢性HBV感染者的进展期肝纤维化负担。在慢性HBV感染的不同自然史分期,NAFLD对肝脏炎症和肝纤维化程度的影响不同。

【期刊导读】肥胖状况不影响合并NAFLD的慢乙肝患者的抗病毒疗效

研究探讨了肥胖与非肥胖的合并NAFLD的慢乙肝患者的疾病严重程度和抗病毒疗效。

BMJ:非酒精性脂肪性肝病与2型糖尿病患者心血管疾病和全因死亡的关系

T2DM患者的NAFLD似乎与心血管疾病和全因死亡的高风险相关,即使是轻度NAFLD患者也是如此。

【中文解读分享】非酒精性单纯性脂肪性肝病治未病干预指南

中文非酒精性单纯性脂肪性肝病治未病干预指南,本指南旨在帮助临床医师及健康管理人员针对非酒精性单纯性脂肪性肝病进行调养指导。随着新的证据不断产生,本指南也将持续修订。