Nature:死一个少一个!中美科学家联合发现,成年人脑细胞无法再生,珍惜吧

2018-03-09 代丝雨 奇点网

在过去的几十年里,不断有新的证据表明,人类大脑神经元是可以自我更新的,这无疑给治疗和预防神经系统疾病带来了希望。不过这个希望在今天被暂时打破了。本周《自然》上的一项新研究表明,人类大脑中新生神经元的数量会随发育急剧下降,而成年人则不会产生新的神经元。

在过去的几十年里,不断有新的证据表明,人类大脑神经元是可以自我更新的,这无疑给治疗和预防神经系统疾病带来了希望。不过这个希望在今天被暂时打破了。本周《自然》上的一项新研究表明,人类大脑中新生神经元的数量会随发育急剧下降,而成年人则不会产生新的神经元。

真的是个悲伤的消息,这意味着我们的脑细胞用一个少一个,一傻不复还了。


上:丰富的新生神经元(绿)

下:成年后则不产生新生神经元

对于人类大脑中新生神经元的争论是自古就有的。神经科学刚刚发展起来的时候,学界的普遍共识就是,大脑神经元像心肌等细胞一样,出生的时候是多少就只有多少,不会进行自我修复和更新。

不过到了20世纪60年代,一项研究打破了这个定论。当时麻省理工的Joseph Altman发现,在成年哺乳动物的大脑内存在新生神经元。又过了一段时间,80年代,洛克菲勒大学Fernando Nottebohm实验室也在禽鸟身上发现了类似的现象。1998年,科学家们得到了第一份证据,在成年死亡癌症患者脑中发现了由5-溴脱氧尿苷(BrdU)标记的新生神经元。2013年的一项研究更是令学界大振——通过分析55名死者脑组织的单个神经元,卡罗林斯卡研究所的研究者们得出了一个结论,人类大脑海马齿状回中,每天都能产生700个新的神经元。

海马是人类大脑中的一个关键区域,它已经被证实,和学习、记忆、压力、锻炼等多个生理过程有关,它的变化涉及到各类神经系统疾病。如果大脑可以通过产生新的神经元进行自我更新,那么提高先天再生能力来恢复受损大脑的活动就变成了一条可行的路。

本项研究的通讯作者之一,就职于加州大学洛杉矶分校的Arturo Alvarez-Buylla也是致力于这个领域的研究者之一。当年他还是Fernando Nottebohm实验室的一名普通学生,而今天已经成为了脑发育领域的顶尖专家。过去的三十年里,他对大脑新生神经元科研做出了极大的贡献。他也坚信,在成年人类大脑中也存在新生神经元。


Arturo Alvarez-Buylla教授

然而事实并非如此。

鉴于人类大脑标本实在难以获得,Alvarez-Buylla教授组建了一个国际团队,最终获得了59份人类脑组织标本,分别来自尸检样本和癫痫手术切除的脑组织样本,其中成年人的年龄层从18-77岁。这项工作我国复旦大学脑科学研究所的杨振刚教授也有参与,并名列通讯作者之一。

研究者对这些脑组织样本进行了抗体荧光标记,并通过影像学技术确认细胞形态来验证。结果显示,脑部的新生神经元主要出现在胎儿发育期,并在14周的时候数量达到顶峰,22周以后则开始减少;同时,新生神经元表现出细长而简单的细胞形态,并随着发育逐渐生长为成熟的神经元形态。而到了7岁左右,就基本不会再产生新生神经元了。

研究者对各年龄段的海马颗粒细胞层(GCL)新生神经元进行了计数。在刚出生的时候,每平方毫米的新生神经元能够达到1618±780个;在1岁的时候,下降到292.9±142.8;7岁时,仅有12.4±5.3;13岁就只有2.4±0.74这么一点点了。

而在成年人的脑标本中,研究者没有发现任何分裂细胞/新生神经元的迹象。


随年龄增长,新生神经元逐渐减少(绿)

研究者也尝试在恒河猕猴脑中寻找分裂细胞和新生神经元的蛛丝马迹。

关于恒河猕猴脑中新生神经元是否存在,既往的两项研究采取了不同的标记方式,也产生了截然不同的结果。研究者用研究人脑标本一样的思路对不同年龄段的猴脑进行了检测,发现在出生后到一岁半期间,新生神经元的数量降为1/8;在一岁半到七岁之间,更是直降为1/35。新生神经元的数量变化大体上与人脑一致。


使用两种标记方式标记的猴脑中新生神经元

最后,研究者检测了人脑和猴脑在一岁半时的表达谱,结果显示与新生神经元相关的DCX、TUJ1、Ki-67等蛋白的表达显着降低。


左中右分别为分裂细胞的标记、新生神经元的标记、成熟神经元的标记

从整体结果来看,毫无疑问,我们能够得出结论,海马的新生神经元数量在出生后显着下降,并且成年之后基本不会产生新神经元。但是这项研究成果与以往的一些数据既然相反,在同领域的研究者之间引起了争议。

德国德累斯顿科技大学的神经科学家Gerd Kemperman表示,只是科学家没有观察到新的神经元,这并不意味着新神经元不存在。研究中使用的脑组织毕竟只是样本,对新生神经元标记的可靠性很大程度上取决于组织的质量,很容易受外部环境的影响。

阿姆斯特丹大学的神经科学家Paul Lucassen也表示,用于保存和稳定组织样本的化学物质也可能进一步防止标记和靶细胞的结合。

另外一些神经科学家还提出,脑组织的主人身体和神经状态也是很重要的。运动、压力、疾病等因素都会影响新生神经元的数量。



对于这些疑问,Alvarez-Buylla教授表示认同,并提出了自己的看法。既往研究的标记方法有可能混淆了新生神经元和胶质细胞,因为它们会产生同样的标志物;另一方面,脑组织受到死亡情况和疾病情况的影响,但是在具有多种死亡原因和疾病状态的患者组织都得到了类似的结果,这也能够一定程度上说明问题。

研究者承认这项研究的局限性——再怎么仔细地检测,也不能够完全说明海马中不存在新生神经元。但是第一作者之一的Shawn F. Sorrells也提出了一个观点:“我们退一步想,如果新生神经元已经罕见到我们无法检测,那么它真的在海马的记忆和学习功能中发挥重要作用吗?”

乐观一点想,发现成人海马不存在新生神经元,也未必是件坏事。目前我们已知啮齿类动物和禽类成年后仍会产生新的神经元,而海豚和鲸类这些更加聪明、行为更加复杂的水生动物则也不会产生新生神经元。知晓了这些差异,对于我们进一步研究这些差异为何产生是很有帮助的。

毕竟科学就是个探索未知的过程嘛。

原始出处:Shawn F. Sorrells, Mercedes F. Paredes, Arantxa Cebrian-Silla, et al. Human hippocampal neurogenesis drops sharply in children to undetectable levels in adults. Nature. 07 March 2018

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    2019-01-06 liye789132251
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    2018-04-01 玥月

    学习了.

    0

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    2018-03-13 海之蓝

    学习

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    2018-03-12 半夏微凉

    学习了谢谢分享

    0

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