全国政协委员、首都医科大学教授吴浩:只有发展基层医院,才能推动公立医院改革

2018-03-13 姚佳莹 时代周报

医改只有把基层医院发展起来,才能推动公立医院的改革。

“有一天我在社区医院楼梯里见到一个老人,80多岁,带着60多岁的女儿来找她的全科医生。”在3月3日首场“委员通道”中,履新全国政协委员的首都医科大学教授、北京市丰台区方庄社区卫生服务中心主任吴浩,和媒体分享了这段经历。

患者与社区全科医生建立固定的问诊关系,被称为家庭医生签约制度。家医签约服务通过向社区居民提供基本医疗服务和健康管理,引导患者首诊在基层,由基层全科医生筛诊、合理分诊,最终形成分级诊疗格局。

3月5日,李克强总理作政府工作报告,在“实施健康中国战略”部分,提到加强全科医生队伍建设,推进分级诊疗。3月8日,全国政协委员、北京市卫生和计划生育委员会党委书记方来英接受《新京报》采访时表示,按照国家规划,到2030年,基层将实现每万名人口有5名全科医生,目前大致为1.8,并建议中央落实对国务院办公厅关于全科医生队伍建设意见,实行专项督导。

加强全科医生队伍建设,意在将患者下沉到基层医疗结构,通过加强基层缓解大医院门庭若市的局面,助推公立医院改革。“我在委员通道表达的其实有三层意思,一是人口老龄化,老人们的今天就是我们的明天,值得信赖的社区医疗机构是老人就诊的最佳选择,我想让社会关注基层医疗和社区卫生建设;二是省级层面,呼吁全国各地让基层能用上药品;三是国家层面,应落实相关文件,让社区医务人员有良好的待遇和职业发展体系,那便要更多优秀的医务人员加入其中,民众看病更便捷,更有效。”吴浩向时代周报记者表示。

全科医学在于连续性的健康管理

时代周报:分级诊疗的关键在于形成患者首诊在基层的格局,但多数人可能并不信任基层医疗机构。分级诊疗中,基层医疗机构和社区全科医生扮演的角色是什么?定位是怎样的?

吴浩:不信任源于多方面原因。首先,很多人对基层医院存在偏见,认为其水平不够,但基层医院和上级医院应是各司其职,各有各的优势;其次,行业外、甚至行业内人士并没有理解全科医学的精髓,全科医学的理念核心在于连续性和协调性,而不是什么病都会治,它充当的是守门人的角色,讲求团队协作,包括全科医生,社区卫生服务中心内部,还有其他医疗机构的协同作用。目前很多社区医疗机构没有经过全科医学的训练,而是由过去的通科医生沿用过去的理念为社区居民服务,这是不恰当的。现在我们提出签约家庭医生的理念,但又被误认为是上门服务,但这不是全科医生的特性。

时代周报:相对专科医生,社区全科医生的特点体现在哪里?

吴浩:西方国家已实现基层首诊,全科医生在社区附近经营诊所。一个服务社区可能有2000名居民,而2000人最多有30个主要病,这就是全科医生的特点之一,以社区为导向。常见病和多发病是相对某个区域而言的,例如某个社区多是女性,而且年龄多为30-40岁,那么妇科病可能就是这个区域的常见病。

其次,全科医生与患者建立信任后,为其提供个性化的健康管理服务。在专科医院,患者看病没有固定性,而在社区,通过家医签约固定问诊关系,医患间长期互动,产生信任和了解,且有些疾病的解决要求这种医患信任,全科医生会根据患者个人的心理、家庭生活和社会各方面综合考虑,发现症结所在,这就是全科医生的优势,他有连续性,方便建立彼此信任的医患关系。

最后,全科医生会在临床过程中,做机会性教育。例如男患者来看关节病变,专科医生一般只帮他解决关节问题,其他问题不会提及,如果是全科医生,可能注意到他手指发黄,会建议他减少吸烟,这是一种医患同盟的理念。

落实全科医生相关激励文件

时代周报:目前社区医生等基层医疗工作者存在人员不足、工作量大的情况。例如你所在的方庄社区卫生服务中心,一个全科医生可能要与800-1000个居民签约。今年1月24日,国务院发布了《关于改革完善全科医生培养与使用激励机制的意见》,对社区全科医生来说,怎样的激励机制是合适的?

吴浩:关键在于落实政府出台的文件。目前有话语权的人和督办者比较少,例如在政协参会过程中,我发现有些委员其实对社区医疗不太了解;其次要有一个机制,保障基层医务人员的薪酬和职业发展前景。基层医务人员要通过学习,提供优质的医事服务获得良好的收入,社区内部适当地竞争,加上畅通的职业发展前景,机制就能慢慢推动起来。基层医务人员这个岗位要有人才吸引力,不能对医生有过多限制。例如现在的方庄全科医生中,有6名博士,22名硕士,我们会鼓励他们通过演讲和教学获得额外收入,但在更大范围内则需要一个普通机制去解决,让全科医生感觉从事这个岗位有奔头。

时代周报:分级改革必然要做强基层,这将如何影响公立医院改革?

吴浩:基层首诊的关键在于医疗人员对疾病的识别和判断,例如“非典”的早期是普通感冒,如何确定严重程度?这就需要社区医生早期识别和鉴定,判断是否需要向专科医院转诊,这是一个健康素养的问题。医改只有把基层医院发展起来,才能推动公立医院的改革。公立医院不再需要那么多床位,就会开始往高尖端发展。如果人人都往大医院赶,那不是医院,是超市。

时代周报:这次你的提案关注哪方面?

吴浩:老人惯于节俭,但随着年龄增大,会有难以避免的常见病,慢性病也越来越多,如何协助我们现在所称的“健康老龄化”,我有两个想法。

一是随着经济发展,医保覆盖面越来越大,除了大病报销,还应拿出一部分医保的新增额度,用于门诊报销,额度划分可倾向基层医疗机构,且由于额度有限,可以优先解决冠心病、高血压、慢性阻塞性肺炎、脑卒中这些慢病的门诊报销;二是对于已得病,怎么使患者不得重病,不因病致残,需要重点考虑。有些人可能因为门诊不报销,病不严重就不就诊,最后实际上医保和个人都没减少支出;另一种情况是,有些慢病患者原本可在门诊治疗,但他选择住院,倘若门诊报销,能诱导一部分病人流向门诊。所以我的第二个想法是,呼吁全国各地,用机制保障基层医疗机构也有充足的药品,让基层医务人员既有武器也有弹药。

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    2018-03-13 flysky120

    希望基础医院能发展好.新闻媒体少报道医疗

    0

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