循证医学有缺陷 医学伦理帮把关

2017-06-09 石岩 环球医学

目前,我国仍有47%的医师不了解循证医学的内涵和理念,50%以上的临床医师更注重个人的临床经验和专业知识,忽略科学性、前瞻性研究成果在临床中的应用。也有一些临床医师既不收集相关临床试验结果加以分析,也不结合患者的具体情况加以评估,而是盲目轻信某项试验结果。这些也可视为罔顾科学、不对患者负责、不符合医学伦理的行为。

目前,我国仍有47%的医师不了解循证医学的内涵和理念,50%以上的临床医师更注重个人的临床经验和专业知识,忽略科学性、前瞻性研究成果在临床中的应用。也有一些临床医师既不收集相关临床试验结果加以分析,也不结合患者的具体情况加以评估,而是盲目轻信某项试验结果。这些也可视为罔顾科学、不对患者负责、不符合医学伦理的行为。

循证医学是20世纪90年代发展起来的一门新兴交叉临床医学基础学科,其学术思想、研究方法和结果对于指导政府的卫生决策和医学教育、指导临床实践和科学研究都有十分重要的意义。但是由于临床决策过程的复杂性,医疗决策需要结合科学证据、个人经验与偏见、伦理价值观、经济和政治状况等因素,即使拥有可靠的证据也并不一定能作出最好的决定。循证医学的推广同时引起了人们关于怎样平衡医学研究与医学伦理关系的争论。循证医学或者临床实践可能违背医学伦理的方面如下:

1、“依据最好的证据为病人治病”是循证医学的核心,但目前没有正确合理的答案说明什么才是最好的证据,什么样的疗效评价体系才是完善的,所以许多临床疗效无法进行客观的评价且证据缺乏说服力;

2、循证医学重视临床人体研究证据,以人为受试对象,从而使诊疗方案的决策更加科学、安全、有效。但是任何人体实验都存在一定的风险和损害的可能,这些试验会引起一些伦理道德方面的问题,与不伤害原则的伦理学思想相背离;

3、临床医师在诊治患者时,难免会受到其个人经验、知识背景、主观偏见、供应商的利益的引导以及伦理价值观念等因素的影响,可能会造成证据的选择、评价、应用缺乏客观性和科学性;

4、循证医学的试验结果来源于特殊的群体,草率运用于非试验群体的治疗对某些患者可能是无用甚至是有害的;

5、医生独立诊断治疗会受到利益驱动、个人经验与偏见、经济等因素的影响,可能会使病人接受不合理的治疗,从而损害病人的利益,违背病人的价值和意愿;

6、在特定情况下,医生会对病人的真实病情有所隐瞒,虽然是一种对病人的保护,但在伦理学中被称为道德欺骗,一定程度上剥夺了病人的知情同意权。

认识到在解读大样本临床试验、执行循证医学核心理念、认识和理解循证理论和实践方面的偏差等方面存在不和谐的因素之后,作为循证医学的实践者,一方面,应准确把握循证医学的核心理念,在循证理论指导下开展临床工作;另一方面,应关注循证医学的和谐健康发展,正确解读发展中的循证医学。

1、从安慰剂对照到头对头、PROBE研究

自20世纪90年代循证医学研究模式提出后,安慰剂(placebo)作为对照组的方式被普遍采用。虽然安慰剂对照具有操作简单、可靠的优点,但是其本身可通过心理-生理模式而发挥作用,对于比照来说并不是一种“纯环境”。同时安慰剂无明确的药理疗效,有可能延误受试者的病情,违背了医学伦理学中有利患者的原则。

头对头(head to head)研究和前瞻、随机、开放标签、盲终点(prospective randomized openlabel blinded-endpoint,PROBE)研究实际上是用新的治疗方案比照之前的治疗方案在可能价值、危险和副作用等方面有何不同。但是目前尚不能对某一疾病确定最佳诊疗方案,两种研究方法尚存在方法学缺陷,可能会造成临床试验的不和谐,会使临床试验偏离正确的轨道。

2、从RCT到系统评价、Meta分析

随机、双盲、对照(randomized controlled trail,RCT)研究已被认为是临床试验中的“金标准”。但RCT不能让受试者知道谁在试验组(服用试验药物),谁在对照组(服用安慰剂),这显然与《赫尔辛基宣言》中的知情同意原则相悖。大样本临床研究常由多个团体或多个中心合作完成,受诸多因素的影响,完美的设计并不一定能得出理想的结果。系统评价或综述(systematic review,SR)和荟萃或汇总分析(meta analysis)是循证医学处理知识和信息的一种全新的综合评价方法。在做SR或Meta分析时,应有目的地收集相关可信度高、证据充分的文献资料,并在Cochrane网注册,以避免“研究偏倚”和“发表偏倚”。有些临床试验在设计时无亚组分析,而在试验结束行统计学分析时发现一级终点(primary endpoint)事件无明显差异后,才进行亚组分析,且在解读试验时夸大亚组结果。

3、从证据结果到完整解读

临床医师在解读试验时应注意完整性,将RCT以随机分组代替适应证、以统计评估代替机制评估、以亚组分析代替整体分析等缺点考虑在内。临床试验的组织者应向大众发表信息完整的试验结果,客观公正地解读阳性结果与阴性结果。证据结果的可靠性是循证医学赖以生存的基石。最佳证据结果的取得常常是非常困难的,循证医学评估的权威性和科学性也是相对的。临床医学专家在公正解读、宣教各种证据结果时应注意:证据的适用对象;干预措施的同一性;对照的片面性;研究终点是否与临床脱节;证据的实效性以及专家本人的学术思想确立等。证据的过度标榜和推演,必定会引发许多误会和矛盾。临床医师在采信证据时,不但要知晓研究的方法、过程和结果,还应对其背景环境和历史沿革有更深入的了解。特别要强调的是,研究结果不能受到资助药企的影响,必须坚持科学研究的公正与真实。

4、从循证理论到临床实践

循证医学强调人群研究,容易造成对临床实践个体化原则的忽略。临床医师应从两个误区中走出来:一是认为推广某项试验结果或根据临床试验的结果去治疗某位患者就是实施了循证医学;二是运用SR或Meta分析就是开展了循证医学。由于生活环境、文化背景、人种等方面的差异,西方人试验结论的共性可能并不适用于东方人临床实践的个性,一般个体研究的证据不能简单地应用于某一特定的患者。

目前大部分临床试验均将全因死亡(all course death)作为一级终点,但临床医师不可能置患者现有的症状和痛苦、治疗方案的效-价比(effectiveness-cost ratio)于不顾,单纯从死亡率的角度去考虑治疗方法。有些临床试验将药物的适应证扩大化,诱导人们将高价的药物广泛地应用于低危人群,让大量疗效甚微的病人陪少数有疗效的病人服药。另外从中国国情出发,2.0亿高血压患者都用高档药物治疗是不现实的。

循证医学虽然出现了个别违背伦理学的问题,但其尚在完善和发展中。自循证医学问世以来,临床医师已经拥有足够的证据来回答大多数常见的临床问题。未来,循证医学的和谐健康发展必须以遵循医学伦理学原则为基础,将促进医学观念和转变临床实践方式与改善医疗质量、保证医疗安全、实现患者利益相结合。

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createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyhUVIuUt8H8m6XMBd1dPoabJpsKQKxdocgfz4Avgicuv7CUBVyDEGqOdxkmwRNEkL7VTfxPleAP9Ml/0, createdBy=7c612070145, createdName=sky-sushao, createdTime=Sun Jun 11 00:08:14 CST 2017, time=2017-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=208946, encodeId=eb8520894696, content=注意:证据的适用对象;干预措施的同一性;对照的片面性;研究终点是否与临床脱节;证据的实效性以及专家本人的学术思想确立等。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/MnthNYiaYT4SNKeEmLuaew8INxnWjegguR2tEB5XL37oicS1HFZDejzeXjjFpdPVZ2VaLzXibdTXkkPRuj4YVQkTg/132, createdBy=76cb105999, createdName=穆慕仁真, createdTime=Sat Jun 10 11:17:25 CST 2017, time=2017-06-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=208936, encodeId=e8942089365c, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5KiblTyxD95ExbzUoCVcRuhPibXboL28wicFMTXUhCA0RWCyQZYC5Na3ap7CxjialMkB50VEJ0XToQQTC/0, createdBy=470c1945776, createdName=方舒, createdTime=Sat Jun 10 09:51:27 CST 2017, time=2017-06-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-06-11 slcumt
  3. 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  4. 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attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=fca95510093, createdName=xjy04, createdTime=Sun Jun 11 13:54:00 CST 2017, time=2017-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1569555, encodeId=415e156955594, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e457340218f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#医学伦理#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=34021, encryptionId=e457340218f, topicName=医学伦理)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b50215527693, createdName=xuruicheng, createdTime=Sun Jun 11 13:54:00 CST 2017, time=2017-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=209300, encodeId=f06b20930086, content=好东西学习了!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, 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channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5KiblTyxD95ExbzUoCVcRuhPibXboL28wicFMTXUhCA0RWCyQZYC5Na3ap7CxjialMkB50VEJ0XToQQTC/0, createdBy=470c1945776, createdName=方舒, createdTime=Sat Jun 10 09:51:27 CST 2017, time=2017-06-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-06-11 xjy04
  5. 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  6. 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attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=fca95510093, createdName=xjy04, createdTime=Sun Jun 11 13:54:00 CST 2017, time=2017-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1569555, encodeId=415e156955594, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e457340218f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#医学伦理#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=34021, encryptionId=e457340218f, topicName=医学伦理)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b50215527693, createdName=xuruicheng, createdTime=Sun Jun 11 13:54:00 CST 2017, time=2017-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=209300, encodeId=f06b20930086, content=好东西学习了!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, 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createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyhUVIuUt8H8m6XMBd1dPoabJpsKQKxdocgfz4Avgicuv7CUBVyDEGqOdxkmwRNEkL7VTfxPleAP9Ml/0, createdBy=7c612070145, createdName=sky-sushao, createdTime=Sun Jun 11 00:08:14 CST 2017, time=2017-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=208946, encodeId=eb8520894696, content=注意:证据的适用对象;干预措施的同一性;对照的片面性;研究终点是否与临床脱节;证据的实效性以及专家本人的学术思想确立等。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/MnthNYiaYT4SNKeEmLuaew8INxnWjegguR2tEB5XL37oicS1HFZDejzeXjjFpdPVZ2VaLzXibdTXkkPRuj4YVQkTg/132, createdBy=76cb105999, createdName=穆慕仁真, createdTime=Sat Jun 10 11:17:25 CST 2017, time=2017-06-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=208936, encodeId=e8942089365c, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5KiblTyxD95ExbzUoCVcRuhPibXboL28wicFMTXUhCA0RWCyQZYC5Na3ap7CxjialMkB50VEJ0XToQQTC/0, createdBy=470c1945776, createdName=方舒, createdTime=Sat Jun 10 09:51:27 CST 2017, time=2017-06-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-06-11 thlabcde

    好东西学习了!

    0

  7. 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attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=fca95510093, createdName=xjy04, createdTime=Sun Jun 11 13:54:00 CST 2017, time=2017-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1569555, encodeId=415e156955594, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e457340218f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#医学伦理#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=34021, encryptionId=e457340218f, topicName=医学伦理)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b50215527693, createdName=xuruicheng, createdTime=Sun Jun 11 13:54:00 CST 2017, time=2017-06-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=209300, encodeId=f06b20930086, content=好东西学习了!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, 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channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5KiblTyxD95ExbzUoCVcRuhPibXboL28wicFMTXUhCA0RWCyQZYC5Na3ap7CxjialMkB50VEJ0XToQQTC/0, createdBy=470c1945776, createdName=方舒, createdTime=Sat Jun 10 09:51:27 CST 2017, time=2017-06-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-06-11 七九九八

    继续努力

    0

  8. 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channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5KiblTyxD95ExbzUoCVcRuhPibXboL28wicFMTXUhCA0RWCyQZYC5Na3ap7CxjialMkB50VEJ0XToQQTC/0, createdBy=470c1945776, createdName=方舒, createdTime=Sat Jun 10 09:51:27 CST 2017, time=2017-06-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-06-11 sky-sushao

    我个人觉得循证医学也好,伦理医学也罢,在几层医院没有一点卵用

    0

  9. 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channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5KiblTyxD95ExbzUoCVcRuhPibXboL28wicFMTXUhCA0RWCyQZYC5Na3ap7CxjialMkB50VEJ0XToQQTC/0, createdBy=470c1945776, createdName=方舒, createdTime=Sat Jun 10 09:51:27 CST 2017, time=2017-06-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-06-10 穆慕仁真

    注意:证据的适用对象;干预措施的同一性;对照的片面性;研究终点是否与临床脱节;证据的实效性以及专家本人的学术思想确立等。

    0

  10. 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    2017-06-10 方舒

    学习

    0

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