妊娠相关性血小板减少症之病因、诊断及鉴别诊断篇

2016-07-26 盛晴 魏瑗 赵扬玉 北京大学第三医院

妊娠合并血小板减少是孕期常见的血液系统合并症之一,其中妊娠相关性血小板减少症(pregnancy-associated thrombocytopenia,PAT)也称为妊娠期血小板减少症(gestational thrombocytopenia, GT),为其最主要的原因,约占65%~80%[1]。PAT是指首次发生于妊娠中、晚期的轻度血小板减少(>70×109/L),通常无症状并多于产后12

妊娠合并血小板减少是孕期常见的血液系统合并症之一,其中妊娠相关性血小板减少症(pregnancy-associated thrombocytopenia,PAT)也称为妊娠期血小板减少症(gestational thrombocytopenia, GT),为其最主要的原因,约占65%~80%[1]。PAT是指首次发生于妊娠中、晚期的轻度血小板减少(>70×109/L),通常无症状并多于产后12周内自行恢复,被认为是一种良性的自限性妊娠期血液系统疾病。根据血小板水平,可将之分为轻度(100~150×109/L)、中度(50~100×109/L)以及重度(<50×109/L)。其在非孕期无血小板减少病史,通常与产后出血及胎儿血小板减少等不良妊娠结局无关,但再次妊娠后可复发。因目前尚无特异性的实验室诊断标准,因此该诊断为排除性诊断,需排除其他疾病以及药物所致的血小板减少。


1、妊娠相关性血小板减少症的病因及病理机制


PAT的发生机制尚不清楚,多数学者认为:妊娠期孕妇的血容量呈生理性增加且血液稀释,由于高凝状态的损耗以及胎盘循环中血小板的收集和利用增多,导致血小板相对减少,而不是血小板破坏增多,因此PAT可能是正常妊娠的生理现象。Verdy等[2]观察在无合并症的妊娠过程中血小板水平会随着孕周的增加而进行性的降低,到妊娠晚期下降幅度约达10%。同时Tsunoda等[3]的研究发现,双胎妊娠较单胎妊娠孕妇平均血小板计数降低,可能是由于双胎妊娠孕妇血容量增加及血液稀释更为明显,同时双胎胎盘重量明显大于单胎,血小板在胎盘部位收集、利用更多所致,因此双胎妊娠孕妇发生妊娠期重度血小板减少症更为多见。此外,也有研究发现血小板减低的产妇孕前体重指数偏低,推测可能与肥胖孕妇脂肪组织产生的白细胞介素-6等炎性细胞因子刺激巨核细胞增殖有关。


2、妊娠相关性血小板减少症的诊断及鉴别诊断


美国血液病学会将PAT定义为除外其他基础疾病等原因引起的血小板水平低于150×109/L。

其特点为:

(1)无特异性的实验室诊断标准,此为排除性诊断;

(2)可引起轻度血小板减少,通常大于70×109/L;

(3)抗血小板抗体阴性,肝肾功能及凝血功能正常,免疫相关检查,狼疮相关检查阴性,骨髓细胞学检查示巨核细胞形态及数量无异常;

(4)与产后出血无关;

(5)非孕期无血小板减少病史;

(6)多于中、晚孕期发生;

(7)与胎儿血小板减少无关;

(8)产后自行恢复;

(9)于再次妊娠后可能复发。

此外,考虑到妊娠期生理性血液稀释作用,Boehlen等[4]通过对6770名孕妇监测发现,孕晚期血小板水平的2.5百分位为115×109/L,因此提出将115×109/L作为妊娠期血小板水平的正常低限可能更为合理。


临床上PAT常需与以下疾病进行鉴别。


(一)妊娠合并特发性血小板减少性紫癜(idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura,ITP):ITP是一种自身免疫性血小板减少性疾病,是由于血小板结构抗原变化诱导产生自身抗体,结合抗体的血小板被单核巨噬细胞系统破坏致血小板减少。ITP可无临床出血症状,但当血小板计数降低严重时则表现为皮肤黏膜出血,导致贫血、皮肤瘀斑、鼻衄甚至颅内出血。此外因母体抗血小板抗体可经胎盘进入胎儿血循环而引起胎儿或新生儿血小板减少症。多项研究支持PAT可能是ITP的一种轻型或者沉默表型[5]。临床中在缺乏既往病史和血小板计数结果的情况下,区分PAT和ITP是很困难的,一方面,ITP患者在妊娠早期即发生血小板数量<100×109/L,且其血小板水平随着孕周增加而进行性降低,通常低于70×109/L,而PAT多于晚孕期发生,且血小板最低水平通常高于70×109/L。但对于重度血小板减少患者中很难区PAT或ITP,因为ITP也可能于晚孕期发生,而少数PAT患者血小板计数也可低至(50~80)×109/L。也有学者建议当血小板水平在(50~70)×109/L时可以短期使用强的松(通常为20 mg/d),如果治疗有效可能为ITP。此外对于不符合PAT且产后12周血小板水平仍低于100×109/L,或分娩后因血小板减少需要治疗者应考虑为ITP[6]。另外,虽然ITP患者可表现为骨髓细胞学检查示巨核细胞增多或正常,成熟型血小板减少,但骨髓穿刺术很少常规用于PAT与ITP患者的鉴别诊断。


(二)妊娠期高血压疾病、HELLP综合征:妊娠期高血压疾病导致血小板减少的机制为全身小血管痉挛、缺氧导致血管内皮细胞损伤,血小板黏附聚集且消耗增加,从而导致血小板数量减少。Maayan-Metzger等[7]通过对723名妊娠合并血小板减少的患者及其新生儿进行随访,发现由妊娠期高血压疾病引发的血小板减少患者,其早产风险更高、出生体重更低,小于胎龄儿及新生儿血小板减少症发生率也增加。虽然PAT更倾向发生于孕晚期,但值得注意的是发生于分娩前1周内的血小板减少可能是HELLP综合征或妊娠期急性脂肪肝的预兆。


(三)其他血液系统疾病及感染性疾病:包括血栓性血小板减少性紫癜( thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, TTP)、弥散性血管内凝血(disseminated intravascular coagulation, DIC)、抗磷脂综合征(antiphospholipid sysdrome, APS)、系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE)、乙型肝炎、丙型肝炎、获得性免疫缺陷综合征等,可结合患者病史,检测肝功能、血常规、凝血功能、抗磷脂抗体、狼疮抗凝物、免疫球蛋白等,以利于与PAT鉴别。

 

参考文献:


1. Gernsheimer TB. Thrombocytopenia in pregnancy :is this immune thrombocytopenia or...?[J]. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program, 2012, 2012(1):198-202.

2. Verdy E, Bessons V, Dreygus M, et al. Longitudinal analysis of platelet count and volume in normal pregnancy[J]. Thromb Haemost. 1997, 77(4):806-807.

3.Tsunoda T, Ohkuchi A, Izumi A, et al. Antithrombin III activity and platelet count are more likely to decrease in twin pregnancies than in singleton pregnancies[J]. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 2002, 81(9): 840–845.

4.Boehlen F, Hohlfeld P, Extermann P, et al. Platelet count at term pregnancy: a reappraisal of the threshold[J]. Obstet Gynecol 2000, 95(1): 29–33.

5.Lescale KB, Eddleman KA, Cines DB, et al. Antiplatelet antibody testing in thrombocytopenic pregnant women[J]. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1996, 174(3):1014-1018.

6.Kasai JAoki SKamiya N, et al. Clinical features of gestational thrombocytopenia difficult to differentiate from immune thrombocytopenia diagnosed during pregnancy[J]. J Obstet Gynaecol Res, 2015, 41(1):44-49.

7. Maayan-Metzger A, Leibovitch L, Schushan-Eisen I, et al. Predictors for neonatal thrombocytopenia in infants of thrombocytopenic mothers during pregnancy[J]. Pediatr Blood Cancer, 2010, 55(1):145–148.

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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1837194, encodeId=068c183e194f5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3f34e253206' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#相关性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=72532, encryptionId=3f34e253206, topicName=相关性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a9de34, createdName=shenxlcyp, createdTime=Sat Nov 05 08:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1302753, encodeId=908a1302e53b7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9c72890153c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#血小板减少#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=89015, encryptionId=9c72890153c, topicName=血小板减少)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e07307, createdName=lingaifan, createdTime=Thu Jul 28 12:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1506912, encodeId=423815069123a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a66b9624e0c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#鉴别诊断#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=96247, encryptionId=a66b9624e0c, topicName=鉴别诊断)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=77179846395, createdName=Homburg, createdTime=Thu Jul 28 12:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94895, encodeId=2319948955b, content=贴近临床,实用贴, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=123, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160803/IMG57A185CE577478201.jpg, createdBy=bad41730551, createdName=小青虫, createdTime=Wed Jul 27 20:35:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94846, encodeId=88029484694, content=很好的文章学习啦, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfdY7yem1P7bRvOP6z0jKsBoYR8ezfAricY7meQWcte7LRJsWHVn0CnPJg2JuQmevR0DoFmmEib5QLD2kNESBESQT/0, createdBy=59191706502, createdName=医路开来, createdTime=Wed Jul 27 11:11:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94834, encodeId=c35f94834b1, content=学习了,有意义, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=123, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=73441710184, createdName=明崖, createdTime=Wed Jul 27 10:35:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94770, encodeId=836994e7068, content=学习学习!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Tue Jul 26 21:59:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-07-27 小青虫

    贴近临床,实用贴

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1837194, encodeId=068c183e194f5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3f34e253206' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#相关性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=72532, encryptionId=3f34e253206, topicName=相关性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a9de34, createdName=shenxlcyp, createdTime=Sat Nov 05 08:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1302753, encodeId=908a1302e53b7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9c72890153c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#血小板减少#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=89015, encryptionId=9c72890153c, topicName=血小板减少)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e07307, createdName=lingaifan, createdTime=Thu Jul 28 12:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1506912, encodeId=423815069123a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a66b9624e0c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#鉴别诊断#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=96247, encryptionId=a66b9624e0c, topicName=鉴别诊断)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=77179846395, createdName=Homburg, createdTime=Thu Jul 28 12:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94895, encodeId=2319948955b, content=贴近临床,实用贴, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=123, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160803/IMG57A185CE577478201.jpg, createdBy=bad41730551, createdName=小青虫, createdTime=Wed Jul 27 20:35:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94846, encodeId=88029484694, content=很好的文章学习啦, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfdY7yem1P7bRvOP6z0jKsBoYR8ezfAricY7meQWcte7LRJsWHVn0CnPJg2JuQmevR0DoFmmEib5QLD2kNESBESQT/0, createdBy=59191706502, createdName=医路开来, createdTime=Wed Jul 27 11:11:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94834, encodeId=c35f94834b1, content=学习了,有意义, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=123, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=73441710184, createdName=明崖, createdTime=Wed Jul 27 10:35:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94770, encodeId=836994e7068, content=学习学习!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Tue Jul 26 21:59:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-07-27 医路开来

    很好的文章学习啦

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1837194, encodeId=068c183e194f5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3f34e253206' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#相关性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=72532, encryptionId=3f34e253206, topicName=相关性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a9de34, createdName=shenxlcyp, createdTime=Sat Nov 05 08:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1302753, encodeId=908a1302e53b7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9c72890153c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#血小板减少#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=89015, encryptionId=9c72890153c, topicName=血小板减少)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e07307, createdName=lingaifan, createdTime=Thu Jul 28 12:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1506912, encodeId=423815069123a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a66b9624e0c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#鉴别诊断#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=96247, encryptionId=a66b9624e0c, topicName=鉴别诊断)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=77179846395, createdName=Homburg, createdTime=Thu Jul 28 12:21:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94895, encodeId=2319948955b, content=贴近临床,实用贴, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=123, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160803/IMG57A185CE577478201.jpg, createdBy=bad41730551, createdName=小青虫, createdTime=Wed Jul 27 20:35:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94846, encodeId=88029484694, content=很好的文章学习啦, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfdY7yem1P7bRvOP6z0jKsBoYR8ezfAricY7meQWcte7LRJsWHVn0CnPJg2JuQmevR0DoFmmEib5QLD2kNESBESQT/0, createdBy=59191706502, createdName=医路开来, createdTime=Wed Jul 27 11:11:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94834, encodeId=c35f94834b1, content=学习了,有意义, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=123, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=73441710184, createdName=明崖, createdTime=Wed Jul 27 10:35:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=94770, encodeId=836994e7068, content=学习学习!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Tue Jul 26 21:59:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-07-27 明崖

    学习了,有意义

    0

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    2016-07-26 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    学习学习!

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