Blood:华法林或损害造血功能!科学家发现华法林可能改变骨髓微环境,与老年人骨髓增生异常综合征的风险增加有关

2019-05-31 奇点糕 奇点网

华法林是世界上使用最广泛的口服抗凝剂,被数千万人用来预防血栓。毫无疑问,作为一款传奇的药物,华法林为人类的健康事业立下了汗马功劳。

华法林是世界上使用最广泛的口服抗凝剂,被数千万人用来预防血栓。毫无疑问,作为一款传奇的药物,华法林为人类的健康事业立下了汗马功劳。

但是,最近德国科学家Daniela S. Krause领导的团队却发现,华法林可能会增加老年人患骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)的风险。而MDS有很高的风险向急性髓系白血病(AML)转化。

研究人员通过小鼠实验证实,华法林会抑制骨髓中多种蛋白的功能,破坏造血作用,且还会损害人类的造血干细胞,减弱其移植能力。相关论文发表在著名学术期刊《血液》上,论文的第一作者是Divij Verma。

此外,他们还对超过50万人进行流行病学调查发现,患MDS的人使用华法林的比例,远高于未患MDS的人使用华法林的比例,差距达到150%,而新型口服抗凝剂与MDS的关系则不是很明显。这两个研究暗示,华法林的使用可能与MDS的发病风险升高有关,进而增加白血病的风险。(目前这项队列研究的结果还未正式发表)


Daniela S. Krause博士

血液对人体的重要性不言而喻。血管遍布全身,又极易破损,造成血液流失。为了防止血液流失,人体进化出了两套凝血系统。

第一套凝血系统与血小板有关,当血管破损时,血小板会被激活,与其他血细胞一道形成凝血块,防止出血。第二种凝血系统则是由血浆中的凝血因子组成,能引发“凝血瀑布”,形成凝血块,同样可以防止出血。

不过,凡事有利必有弊,血小板常会因过度激活,在动脉血管中形成血栓,引发中风、冠心病、肺栓塞等疾病。而凝血因子则易在静脉系统和心脏心房形成血栓,造成房颤和静脉血栓。

血小板引起的血栓,常用阿司匹林等抗血小板药物来预防和治疗。而凝血因子引起的血栓,则需要用到抗凝血药物了,其中使用最广泛的抗凝血药物就是华法林。

华法林是一种维生素K拮抗剂,能抑制维生素K环氧化物还原酶的活性,阻止依赖于维生素K的凝血因子的合成,防止血栓形成。

华法林最初被当做一种灭鼠药来使用,1951年,一位对生活失望的美国大兵想用华法林自杀时,却让临床科学家意外发现了其抗凝血作用,由此,开启了华法林作为抗凝药物的光辉历史。

但是,作为一种抗凝药物,华法林不可避免地会破坏人体的止血功能,因此,出血是华法林常见的副作用。在随后的时间里,人们发现华法林的副作用不只限于出血,其还被发现会引起骨质疏松症、紫趾综合征、钙化等少见的并发症。

人们在研究华法林副作用的过程中还发现,作为维生素K拮抗剂,华法林会破坏很多蛋白的功能,包括多种凝血因子、蛋白C、蛋白S、骨钙蛋白、骨膜蛋白等维生素K依赖的蛋白,而这些蛋白很多都与骨髓里的造血作用有关。


曾经的华法林(图片来自drugsdb.com)

Krause博士怀疑,华法林可能会改变骨髓环境,破坏造血作用。

于是,他的团队在小鼠中进行了检测。不出意外,他们发现华法林降低了小鼠白细胞和单核细胞的数量,并且使造血干细胞和祖细胞(HPSC)的集落形成能力足足减弱了7.6倍!而给小鼠补充维生素K后,其造血功能便有了一定程度的恢复。


华法林使移植失败的造血干细胞的增多

研究人员还发现,华法林会减少骨髓中巨噬细胞的数量,并破坏其生理功能。而巨噬细胞在骨髓中会帮助造血干细胞休眠,维持造血作用的平衡。随后,他们通过实验证实,华法林会抑制骨膜蛋白与HPSC上整合素β3的结合,进而抑制其下游pAKT信号通路的激活,影响到细胞周期。

这些证据表明华法林确实会破坏小鼠的造血作用。那其在人体中的影响又如何呢?

研究人员检测发现,与不服用华法林的人相比,长期服用华法林的人,白细胞、单核细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞数量要明显减少,虽然并没有超出正常范围。而使用新型口服抗凝剂(NOAC)人,情况则要好不少。

此外,当分别将使用华法林或NOAC的患者的造血干细胞,移植到免疫缺陷的小鼠上后,发现来自服用华法林患者的造血干细胞,存活率更低。这些证据都表明,华法林可能会破坏人类的造血作用,而这可能增加骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)的风险。


MDS(图片来自yashodahospitals.com)

于是,研究人员在大规模人群中进行了调查。他们对5464258名70-79岁的老年人进行调查发现,患MDS的人,使用华法林的比例为14.66%;未患MDS的人使用华法林的比例为5.76%,经多因素调整后,风险比为2.49。与此同时,在他们的研究中,NOAC的使用情况与MDS发病率的相关性,则不是非常明显,这个比例分别为4.74% 和3.29 %。

更详细的结果,研究者们还未公开,他们表示会在未来的文章中发布。

当然,需要指出的是,MDS的发病率并不是很高,为每10万人中2.4~12人,在老年人中会相对高一些[6]。所以,对于目前正在服用华法林的人,我们建议您不要私自停用该药,而应去征询医生的建议。

不过,考虑到我国MDS发病率不断上升的现实,这个问题有必要引起足够的关注。希望后续能有更深入的研究,以便更好地指导患者用药。

原始出处:Verma D1, Kumar R2, S Pereira R2, et al. Vitamin K-antagonism impairs the bone marrow microenvironment and hematopoiesis. Blood. 2019 Apr 19.

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    2019-06-01 俅侠
  7. 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    2019-05-31 深海的鱼

    学习学习学习

    0

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Blood:口服抗凝剂之间以及与其他药物的相互作用

口服抗凝剂是常用药物,副反应风险高。熟练的药物相互作用管理对确保安全有效的应用这些疗法至关重要。与华法林相互作用的药物有修饰细胞色素2C9、3A4或两者合剂。修饰P-糖蛋白的药物可能与所有的DOACs存在相互作用,细胞色素3A4的修饰剂可能与利伐沙班和阿哌沙班相关作用。抗血小板药、非甾体类消炎药和血清素能药物(如选择性5 -羟色胺再摄取抑制剂)与任何口服抗凝药物联合使用时,均可增加出血风险,应定期

JACC:极低体重房颤患者的抗凝治疗——DOACs vs 华法林

目前,对于非瓣膜性房颤(AF)和极低体重(50kg)患者,直接口服抗凝药物(DOACs)的有效性和安全性尚不清楚。本研究的目的旨在评估和比较DOACs和华法林对极低体重AF患者的效果。本研究纳入了韩国国家数据库中的接受口服抗凝药物治疗的体重≤60kg的AF患者(DOACs n=14013;华法林 n=7576),并用倾向性评分调整两组患者。分析结果显示,与华法林相比,DOACs 与更低的缺血性卒中