护士为哮喘老人心肺复苏遭质疑,到底谁对?

2017-09-07 叶子 医学界急诊与重症频道

假设患者只是一般的哮喘发作,那为何需要心肺复苏?

“5位最美女护士,满满正能量。她们在重庆火车北站候车室紧急救人,挽回哮喘老人生命。”据微博报道:9月4日晚,一则《5名女护士候车室成功抢救候车室哮喘患者》的短视频迅速刷热朋友圈。

随后重庆晚报记者采访了5位天使,报道了事件的经过:

4日下午,5位护士结伴外出休假,在重庆北站候车过程中,听闻有一乘客突发急症,紧急赶往现场,发现一名60岁左右的妇女正瘫软在候车椅上,呼吸困难,冷汗直冒,嘴唇发白。通过查看患者随身携带的药品,结合病症,李蓓蕾一行人判断该患者系哮喘病突发,并立刻给患者服用了其随身携带的药。

其中一名护士事后接受记者采访时说:“当时,用药后患者病况并没有得到任何缓解,开始口吐白沫,嘴唇呈紫绀色,意识也逐渐丧失。”

见此情景,她们合力将患者从座椅抬下平放在地,并开放气道将患者的头偏向一侧,轮流施行胸外心脏按压。其中两名护士不顾个人安危,在没有任何保护措施的情况下对患者进行人工呼吸。经过大约10分钟的抢救,患者呼吸开始平稳,嘴唇红润起来,意识也恢复了,成功脱离了危险,被随后赶到的急救车送往附近医院治疗。

此文一出,各大媒体纷纷转载,引来网友的关注。留言区也已“热翻天”:大部分网友对此事大加赞赏,称之为“最美白衣天使”、“满满的正能量”,但有个别网友留言表示质疑,遂引来其他网友的“炮轰”。

这一事件为何会有网友反对?

可能是文中没有鲜明地指出患者当时处于心跳呼吸骤停状态,假设患者只是一般的哮喘发作,那为何需要心肺复苏?因此,有网友质疑,对于该患者的急救措施,护士当场实施心肺复苏的做法是否合理。

这个假设有点像小明的日记:

“今天,有一老奶奶站在路口,我很热心地去扶老奶奶过马路,老奶奶说不用了,我还是坚持地把老奶奶扶到马路对面。”然后呢?在原地又看到了老奶奶。

那么,这个假设是否成立?

依据当前有限的报道和文献资料,此次心肺复苏的决定并无明显的过错。

没有提到心跳呼吸骤停也可以进行心肺复苏(CPR)吗?那么,我们看看CPR的实施时机。

2016中国心肺复苏专家共识[1]

CPR就是应对心搏骤停(CA),能形成暂时的人工循环与人工呼吸,以求达到心脏自主循环恢复(ROSC)、自主呼吸和自主意识的挽救生命技术。

CA是指心脏泵血功能机械活动的突然停止,造成全身血液循环中断、呼吸停止和意识丧失。发作突然,约10s左右即可出现意识丧失,如在4~6min黄金时段及时救治可获存活,贻误者将出现生物学死亡,且罕见自发逆转者。

以上内容提到了“心搏骤停”关键点。那么,在实施CPR术时,是否需要提前评估一下有无自主心跳和呼吸?

该文献提到成人CPR[基础生命支持(BLS)]标准[1]:

1.判断患者意识,只要发病地点不存在危险并适合,应就地抢救。急救人员在患者身旁快速判断有无损伤和反应。可轻拍或摇动患者,并大声呼叫“您怎么了”。如果患者有头颈部创伤或怀疑有颈部损伤要避免造成脊髓损伤,对患者不适当地搬动可能造成截瘫 。

2.判断患者呼吸和脉搏(非医务人员只判断呼吸即可),患者心脏停搏后会出现呼吸减慢、停止,甚至出现濒死叹气样呼吸或也称为喘息,而部分CA的原因正是呼吸停止或窒息。因此,一旦患者呼吸异常(停止、过缓或喘息),即可认定出现CA,应该立即予以CPR。

对于经过培训的医务人员,建议判断呼吸的同时应该判断患者的循环征象。循环征象包括颈动脉搏动和患者任何发声、肢体活动等 。(检查颈动脉搏动时,患者头后仰,急救人员找到甲状软骨,沿甲状软骨外侧0.5~1.0cm处,气管与胸锁乳突肌间沟内即可触及颈动脉 ,同时判断呼吸、脉搏的时间限定在5~10s。)

我们再次回顾采访报道“当时,用药后患者病况并没有得到任何缓解,开始口吐白沫,嘴唇呈紫绀色,意识也逐渐丧失。”

那就是说,患者病情进一步加重,意识丧失伴缺氧。此时,根据以上成人CPR标准,非医务人员只判断呼吸即可,一旦患者呼吸异常(停止、过缓或喘息),即可认定出现CA,应该立即予以CPR。对于经过培训的医务人员,需要增加对患者循环征象的判断。

现在我们需要讨论的是:哮喘发作的患者,是否需要立即进行心肺复苏?

支气管哮喘的自主神经功能障碍增高(交感神经张力相对不足):主要表现在胆碱能神经功能亢进 ,迷走神经张力增加 、交感神经张力相对不足 , 且支气管哮喘的严重程度与自主神经功能障碍相关 [2]。

根据人民卫生出版社第8版《内科学》(以下简称《内科学》)第四章支气管哮喘

哮喘急性发作期分为轻度、中度、重度、危重;危重患者不能讲话,嗜睡或意识模糊,胸腹矛盾运动,哮鸣音减弱甚至消失,脉率变慢或不规则,严重低氧血症和高二氧化碳血症,pH降低。

哮喘急性发作期重度至危重度如何治疗?

《内科学》提到:持续雾化吸入短效β2受体激动剂(SABA),联合雾化吸入短效抗胆碱药、激素混悬液以及静脉茶碱类药物;吸氧;尽早静脉应用激素,维持水电解质、酸碱平衡;经过上述治疗,临床症状和肺功能无改善甚至继续恶化者,应及时给予机械通气,其指征主要包括呼吸机疲劳、PaCO2 ≥45mmHg、意识改变(需进行有创机械通气)。

院前急救怎么做?

重度及危重度支气管哮喘患者,保持其呼吸道通畅,一旦出现低氧、血流动力学不稳、严重心率失常、分泌物排泄困难、意识障碍、支气管高度痉挛,立即行气管插管机械通气  [3]。

参考文献:

1.王立祥,孟庆义,余涛. 2016中国心肺复苏专家共识[J]. 解放军医学杂志,2017,42(03):243-269. [2017-09-07].

2.杜坚,何九龙,王永东,蔡映云. 支气管哮喘患者心率变异性的观察[J]. 中华结核和呼吸杂志,2001,(12):51-52. [2017-09-07].

3.张弛,徐梅,吴华. 支气管哮喘急性发作院前急救体会[J]. 当代医学,2014,20(33):34-35. [2017-09-07].

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    2018-05-22 aids222
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    2018-08-10 saikp
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    2017-09-09 lizhou0204
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1684456, encodeId=93f316844560f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dfae5133e1d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#心肺#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=51337, encryptionId=dfae5133e1d, topicName=心肺)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c8e128082444, createdName=aids222, createdTime=Tue May 22 19:02:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1735112, encodeId=22c81e35112f0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9aa5923e176' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#质疑#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=92371, encryptionId=9aa5923e176, topicName=质疑)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=2d3033872914, createdName=saikp, createdTime=Fri Aug 10 15:02:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1305415, encodeId=517013054154e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=270342e249d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#复苏#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=42724, encryptionId=270342e249d, topicName=复苏)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1d01326, createdName=lizhou0204, createdTime=Sat Sep 09 14:02:00 CST 2017, time=2017-09-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=241663, encodeId=96f12416630c, content=好好看下.内容丰富, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Fri Sep 08 07:53:44 CST 2017, time=2017-09-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=241627, encodeId=e4b324162ea5, content=谢谢分享.学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6Nx0VGA4QMDzOP8oAgnV4h51EjSfehJ9QxyiaSmw8PB56BhY8KXFSxHCibXrzcy4abrzSibXQPxJ9kzrLcJyhhB8a/0, createdBy=1d3b1672603, createdName=明月清辉, createdTime=Fri Sep 08 07:02:25 CST 2017, time=2017-09-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=241581, encodeId=249324158143, content=学习了分享了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/09/21/39b6a0099eb602e8ac1f7e10d5d440a9.jpg, createdBy=dee01724555, createdName=杨利洪, createdTime=Fri Sep 08 00:10:12 CST 2017, time=2017-09-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-09-08 忠诚向上

    好好看下.内容丰富

    0

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    2017-09-08 明月清辉

    谢谢分享.学习了

    0

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    2017-09-08 杨利洪

    学习了分享了

    0

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