Stem Cell Reports:无需克隆的基因编辑技术,可能会改变医学治疗的未来

2015-11-09 MedSci MedSci原创

MedSci小编注:这是一项很新的基础研究技术,广大临床医生如何读这样的信息呢?不必看技术本身,而要看结果。这项技术最牛X的地方,不需要克隆,也意味着不需要干细胞介导,直接修复有突变细胞的基因。试想一下,大量遗传性疾病,在人体的细胞上,就可以直接修复突变的基因,那么这些疾病不就有救了吗?!相信接下来这种技术再与细胞定向(定点基因编辑)结合起来,那么基因编辑可以定向找到人体内特定的细胞,然后修复基因

MedSci小编注:

这是一项很新的基础研究技术,广大临床医生如何读这样的信息呢?不必看技术本身,而要看结果。这项技术最牛X的地方,不需要克隆,也意味着不需要干细胞介导,直接修复有突变细胞的基因。

试想一下,大量遗传性疾病,在人体的细胞上,就可以直接修复突变的基因,那么这些疾病不就有救了吗?!相信接下来这种技术再与细胞定向(定点基因编辑)结合起来,那么基因编辑可以定向找到人体内特定的细胞,然后修复基因,如地中海贫血等多种遗传性疾病,甚至基因突变的疾病,如多种肿瘤,都可能被这种技术改变。

基因编辑技术从2012年以来短短三年时间,已经划时代性打破医学很多壁垒,让人类看到很多疾病治疗的曙光。仅仅3年时间,现在已经用于人体试验了,包括在地中海贫血,一些白血病和淋巴瘤(基因编辑与细胞治疗结合)中相关临床试验都已开展,这种速度是前所未有的。相信再有3-5年时间,这种技术可能在临床上大行其道,彻底改变临床很多疾病的转归!

作为临床医生,必需了解与关注这些最新进展,迎接这些新技术可能带来的变革。MedSci将一如既往将最新的科技带给大家,让大家脑洞大开!

以下是报道:

来自荷兰Hubrecht研究所和乌特勒支医学中心(UMC Utrecht)、麻省理工学院的研究人员称,他们开发出了一种自身克隆CRISPR/Cas9(scCRISPR)技术,可以绕开基因编辑过程中所有的克隆步骤,在数小时内完成CRISPR/Cas9介导基因突变及位点特异性转基因敲入。他们的研究成果发布在10月29日的《Stem Cell Reports》杂志上。Figure thumbnail fx1

CRISPR序列源于原核生物的一种获得性免疫系统,协同Cas(CRISPR-associated)蛋白家族参与抵抗噬菌体或其他病毒的二次感染,广泛存在于细菌和古细菌中。目前已发现三种不同类型的CRISPR/Cas系统。

当前,研究人员已将II型CRISPR/Cas系统——CRISPR/Cas9系统改造成为了一种高效的新型基因组编辑工具,它能够以一种位点特异性方式在培养细胞和整个生物体中实现定向修饰(突变、删除、添加、激活、抑制)特定基因序列。现已在人类、小鼠、斑马鱼、酵母、细菌、果蝇,线虫、拟南芥等物种中得到广泛应用。

在CRISPR介导的基因组编辑中,人们设计出一条可靶向目的基因组位点的单导向RNA sgRNA)发夹结构,Cas9蛋白在这条sgRNA的引导下完成对DNA的切割。定点诱变和靶向转基因是发育和疾病研究中重要的手段之一,能够轻易地编辑所有基因组位点可彻底地改变遗传和干细胞研究。
目前,CRISPR/Cas9打靶要求为每个新位点克隆出一个位点特异性sgRNA质粒,要在大约1周的时间内完成质粒连接、转化、纯化和序列验证等多个耗时且费钱的步骤。这阻碍了需要进行大规模sgRNA筛查的多重及高通量基因组编辑应用。此外,采用CRISPR/Cas9敲入转基因仍然需要费时地构建通常具有600-6,000 bp同源臂的同源性载体,这一辛苦费力的过程阻碍了建立基因敲入细胞系。这些障碍抑制了大规模靶向基因组操控革命性的潜力。

在这篇新文章中,研究人员提出了一种替代性sgRNA和同源性载体生成新方法,其无需克隆质粒,因此大大缩短了时间,减轻了工作量及CRISPR/Cas9介导基因组编辑的成本,而维持了位点特异性突变和转基因插入的高效率。

这种scCRISPR技术无需为每个靶位点克隆出一条位点特异性的sgRNA或基因敲入同源性载体,可在数小时内完成CRISPR/Cas9介导基因组突变或位点特异性的转基因敲入。研究人员称他们将一种自我切割的回文结构sgRNA质粒,和一条编码所需位点特异性sgRNA的双链DNA短序列导入到靶细胞中,使得它们能够通过同源重组生成位点特异性sgRNA质粒。每个靶位点只需2小时准备时间,相比于基于质粒构建sgRNA,scCRISPR可以低近6倍的成本有效地实现基因敲除(突变率达到88%)。随后,研究人员在小鼠和人类胚胎干细胞(ESCs)及HEK293T细胞中证实了它们的基因组编辑效率。

这种新方法大大简化了生成靶向转基因或基因敲除细胞系的过程,且不影响效率,由此为大规模基因组编辑和筛查应用提供了一个理想的平台。

原始出处:

Arbab M, Srinivasan S, Hashimoto T, Geijsen N, Sherwood RI.Cloning-free CRISPR.Stem Cell Reports. 2015 Oct 27. pii: S2213-6711(15)00284-2.
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    2016-03-12 智智灵药
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    2015-11-22 aids221
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    2015-11-09 sanshengshi

    0

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    2015-11-09 风中云追忆

    真的?

    0

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