儿童病毒性毛细支气管炎的诊断和治疗

2016-12-24 协和伟哥 医学界儿科频道

毛细支气管炎是一种婴幼儿常见的下呼吸道感染,是一岁以内儿童最常见的住院原因。毛细支气管炎的典型特征是小气道上皮细胞的急性炎症、水肿和坏死。常以鼻炎、咳嗽症状起病,并进展为呼吸急促、喘息、肺部啰音和鼻翼煽动。病因呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)是引起毛细支管炎的最主要原因,在住院儿童的鼻咽分泌物中检出率大约为50%—80%,其他病毒包括人类鼻病毒、副流感病毒、偏肺病毒、腺病毒和冠状病毒。不同病毒感染的临床差

毛细支气管炎是一种婴幼儿常见的下呼吸道感染,是一岁以内儿童最常见的住院原因。毛细支气管炎的典型特征是小气道上皮细胞的急性炎症、水肿和坏死。常以鼻炎、咳嗽症状起病,并进展为呼吸急促、喘息、肺部啰音和鼻翼煽动。


病因


呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)是引起毛细支管炎的最主要原因,在住院儿童的鼻咽分泌物中检出率大约为50%—80%,其他病毒包括人类鼻病毒、副流感病毒、偏肺病毒、腺病毒和冠状病毒。不同病毒感染的临床差异较难区分,混合感染可能会增加疾病的严重性。


发病机制


由RSV感染引起的免疫反应具有抵御感染和致病的双重作用,通常在4—6天的潜伏期后,病毒在鼻上皮细胞中复制增殖,导致鼻塞、流涕和喂养困难,发热见于50%的感染幼儿。同时,鼻咽部细胞坏死脱落,病毒向下呼吸道传播,导致下呼吸道上皮细胞坏死脱落、炎性细胞浸润、水肿、黏膜分泌物增加、纤毛破坏。细胞坏死脱落一方面加速了病毒的清除,同时也会引起呼吸道阻塞,诱发肺气肿和肺不张。


危险因素


许多住院治疗的足月儿并没有明显的危险因素,年龄可能是严重毛细支气管炎的唯一重要风险因素,大约2/3的住院患儿年龄都在5月龄以内。RSV性毛细支气管炎的住院患儿主要是出生后30-90天的婴幼儿,在这一时期,母亲来源的免疫球蛋白浓度开始下降,可能是易感疾病的主要原因。足月儿能从母体获得足够的中和性抗体,而早产儿获得的IgG抗体则较少,这也解释了早产是该病的重要风险因素。此外,早产伴随慢性肺病、先天性心脏病也可能导致严重毛细支气管炎的发生。


毛细支气管炎与哮喘


婴幼儿期的严重毛细支气管炎会增加哮喘的发生风险,特别是鼻病毒或RSV性毛细支气管炎。可能是因为生命早期的肺部炎症损伤导致了正常肺发育的改变,以及气道免疫应答功能的改变。有研究认为,毛细支气管炎和哮喘的发生有共同的遗传基础,包括涉及固有免疫、过敏反应、表面活性蛋白和炎症因子相关的基因的多态性。


支持治疗


目前并没有明确药物可以缩短疾病的病程或加速症状的缓解,同时由于缺乏有效的抗病毒药物,毛细支气管炎的治疗以对症支持治疗为主,包括氧疗、控制哮喘、营养支持。大多数患儿的预后良好,与治疗本身并没有关系。


美国儿科学会曾出版临床管理指南,以改善儿童毛细支气管炎的标准化诊断和治疗。该指南不推荐对患儿进行常规的胸片检查,不推荐常规进行病原学检测,不推荐使用支气管扩张剂、肾上腺素和糖皮质激素治疗儿童毛细支气管炎。可以考虑用3%的高渗盐水雾化改善轻中度患儿的症状;对于无酸中毒、氧饱和度>90%的患儿,不推荐常规氧疗;不推荐常规使用抗生素,但应保证足够的营养和水分供给。


免疫预防


帕利珠单抗是直接抗RSV表面融合蛋白的人源化单克隆抗体,基于大规模的随机双盲临床试验证实,能使早产儿RSV感染住院率减少5.8%。推荐早产儿(<29周)、伴随慢性肺疾病的早产儿(<32周)、存在发绀的先天性心脏病儿童进行免疫接种,可预防和减少喘息的反复发作,降低RSV感染的发病率和住院率。


参考文献:

(1)Meissner HC. Viral Bronchiolitis in Children. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jan 7;374(1):62-72.

(2) Ralston SL, et al. Clinical practice guideline: the diagnosis, management, and prevention of bronchiolitis. Pediatrics. 2014 Nov;134(5):e1474-502.


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