Nature:揭示催产素对大脑功能的潜在作用

2013-08-07 koo bio360

在一个拥挤、喧闹的餐厅中,能够将注意力集中在你自己那桌的人们和他们之间的交谈上,是一种极为重要的能力。大脑中的神经细胞在分离有用信息和背景声之时也面临着类似的挑战。催产素似乎是这一过程中的一个关键元素。由于在促进社会和亲缘联系中起着重要的作用,催产素通常也被称作为“爱的激素”。 现在,来自斯坦福医学院与纽约大学神经科学研究所的科学家们破解了催产素在大脑中发挥神经激素作用的机制,其不仅减少了背景噪

在一个拥挤、喧闹的餐厅中,能够将注意力集中在你自己那桌的人们和他们之间的交谈上,是一种极为重要的能力。大脑中的神经细胞在分离有用信息和背景声之时也面临着类似的挑战。催产素似乎是这一过程中的一个关键元素。由于在促进社会和亲缘联系中起着重要的作用,催产素通常也被称作为“爱的激素”。

现在,来自斯坦福医学院与纽约大学神经科学研究所的科学家们破解了催产素在大脑中发挥神经激素作用的机制,其不仅减少了背景噪音,更为重要的是提高了有用信号的强度。相关研究论文刊登在了近期出版的《自然》(Nature)杂志上。

研究人员表示,催产素显著地影响了信息通过大脑。它不仅平息了背景活动,还提高了刺激性脉冲放电的精确度。这项实验阐明了大脑回路活性增强的机制,并揭示了在如自闭症等疾病中这一大脑回路重调节是如何出现错误的。

罹患自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)的儿童和成人,难以识别他人的情感,很容易被他们环境中无关紧要的事物特征分散注意力。以往的研究表明,自闭症儿童的催产素水平较低,催产素受体基因突变可使得人们易于罹患自闭症。近期来自ASD人群的脑记录显示,甚至是简单的感官信号传递也受到了损害。

当前的研究是建立在瑞士研究人员 30 年前的研究结果基础上,他们证实催产素在大脑与记忆和认知相关的区域:海马中发挥作用。这种激素刺激抑制性中间神经元释放称作为GABA的化学物质。这种物质抑制了相邻的兴奋性神经细胞:锥体细胞(pyramidal cell)的活性。

从以往的研究结果,研究人员预测催产素以各种方式抑制了脑回路,静默了背景噪音和有用信号。然而与之相反,研究人员发现催产素提高了刺激冲动的可靠性,其有利于大脑功能,这让他们感到颇为意外。

为了解答这一矛盾的结果,研究人员确定了一种特殊的抑制性中间神经元类型:快闪抑制性中间神经元("fast-spiking" inhibitory interneuron)导致了催产素的效应。

通过采用啮齿动物模型进行研究,解开了催产素驱动这些快闪抑制性细胞放电,以及促进向锥体神经元发送信号的秘密。研究人员发现,持续地激活这些快闪抑制性神经元,有利于降低背景噪音,并导致了GABA释放突触疲乏。相应地,当受到一种刺激之时,疲乏的突触释放较少的GABA,锥体神经元没有受到抑制,因此兴奋驱动了锥体神经元更可靠地放电。

研究人员解释道,信号增强,以及背景噪音抑制均是由相同的催产素基础作用所导致。现在谈及催产素信号缺失与多种自闭症谱系障碍的相关机制,以及考虑它的潜在治疗效应还为时过早。但发现一种自然存在的神经激素可通过增强有用信号,沉默背景噪音来促进脑回路,是非常鼓舞人心的。

Scott F. Owen, Sebnem N. Tuncdemir, Patrick L. Bader, Natasha N. Tirko, Gord Fishell, Richard W. Tsien. Oxytocin enhances hippocampal spike transmission by modulating fast-spiking interneurons. Nature, 04 August 2013; DOI:10.1038/nature12330

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    2014-07-11 liye789132251
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    2013-08-09 zhanfl

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