高尿酸与糖尿病是“难兄难弟”

2018-08-07 佚名 重疾不重

近年来,高尿酸血症的患病率在逐渐增加。据统计,高尿酸血症在欧洲和北美地区的患病率约2%~18%,部分地区高达24%。我国高尿酸血症的患病率也在逐年上升,已达到10%左右。在代谢性疾病患者中,合并高尿酸血症的患者更多,糖尿病患者中有25%合并患有高尿酸血症

近年来,高尿酸血症的患病率在逐渐增加。据统计,高尿酸血症在欧洲和北美地区的患病率约2%~18%,部分地区高达24%。我国高尿酸血症的患病率也在逐年上升,已达到10%左右。在代谢性疾病患者中,合并高尿酸血症的患者更多,糖尿病患者中有25%合并患有高尿酸血症。


图1 中国不同地区高尿酸血症患病率

尿酸代谢与糖代谢“生死相连”

众多国内外研究显示,高尿酸血症与多个靶器官的损害密切相关。尿酸盐沉积于关节,会造成痛风性关节炎,最终导致关节变形,沉积于肾脏,则会导致痛风性肾病及尿酸结石的发生,甚至最终会引发尿毒症。

另外,尿酸盐结晶会刺激血管壁,导致动脉粥样硬化,最终引发冠心病、高血压、脑卒中等。当尿酸盐沉积于胰岛,则可导致胰岛β细胞功能损害,诱发和加重胰岛素抵抗,引发糖代谢紊乱,最终导致糖尿病的发生。相关荟萃分析显示,血尿酸每升高1mg/dL,糖尿病发生的相对危险度增加65%。

另一方面,2型糖尿病患者也易形成高尿酸。原因可能与肾脏尿酸排泄功能异常有关,可导致血尿酸生成增加,嘌呤分解代谢性增强。本结论结果还与文献研究一致。本研究中,高尿酸组胰岛素水平明显升高,而代谢综合征的病理生理基础是胰岛素抵抗,在老年2型糖尿病患者中,此现象更普遍。高水平胰岛素可导致肾近曲小管排泄钠和降低血尿酸,进而导致水钠潴留与高尿酸血症。

高尿酸血症与糖尿病密不可分

世界卫生组织已确定高尿酸血症是脑血管疾病的独立危险因素,因此,临床在控制2型糖尿病患者血压、血糖、血脂和肥胖外,还应重视高尿酸血症的危害。由此可见,高尿酸血症与糖尿病之间关系复杂,相互影响,高糖代谢导致尿酸增多主要与肾小管重吸收功能减退有关。同时,血尿酸升高严重影响血糖代谢,其相关机制包括氧化应激、炎性反应、下调脂联素(APN)水平等方面。

传统降糖方案中,无论是口服降糖药还是注射胰岛素,大多数仅对降低血糖水平有效,但对于胰岛β细胞功能、血尿酸水平改善等方面效果不明显。近年来有研究发现,对血糖升高且合并高尿酸血症的患者,应用艾塞那肽治疗,能够达到与别嘌呤醇相同的降尿酸效果。

艾塞那肽治疗组在恢复胰岛功能、降低心血管危险及降低体质量方面,明显优于对照组,可显着降低2型糖尿病患者的空腹、餐后血糖及糖化血红蛋白,且不增加低血糖的风险,不影响肝、肾功能。同时,通过减轻体质量、升高APN水平,降低尿酸、避免痛风发作,全面调节患者的代谢指标,达到2型糖尿病患者的综合治疗指标。


图2 糖尿病患者应注意的五个要点

另外,治疗高尿酸血症过程中,不仅仅是以降低血尿酸为目的,还应注重糖尿病发生的风险。尿酸是嘌呤代谢的最终产物,高尿酸状态下,尿酸盐沉积,不仅会导致痛风发作,也可导致代谢综合征、2型糖尿病等疾病的发生。尿酸主要通过肾脏排泄,不良饮食习惯,如高果糖饮食,或药物及酒精影响,均可导致高尿酸血症。

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    2021-06-28 ms8000001337773219

    学习

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    2018-08-15 jawel

    学习

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    2018-08-08 ren1mw

    学习一下

    0

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    2018-08-07 misszhang

    谢谢MedSci提供最新的资讯

    0

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