Immunity:呼吸道记忆CD4 T细胞抵抗病毒感染机制

2016-06-28 佚名 生物谷

说到冠状病毒,大家想必都不陌生。十几年前我国爆发的“非典型肺炎(SARS)”以及最近流行的“中东呼吸道综合征(MERS)”都是由冠状病毒引起的。冠状病毒的爆发似乎是不可避免的事情,因此,找到有效的广谱性疫苗成为解决该类型疾病的主要方式。目前大多数冠状病毒疫苗的原理都是针对模式株的糖基化蛋白引发抗体保护反应,这一方式一方面难以覆盖不断变异的野生病毒;另外,通过注射疫苗引发的抗体保护反应有效期都很有限

说到冠状病毒,大家想必都不陌生。十几年前我国爆发的“非典型肺炎(SARS)”以及最近流行的“中东呼吸道综合征(MERS)”都是由冠状病毒引起的。冠状病毒的爆发似乎是不可避免的事情,因此,找到有效的广谱性疫苗成为解决该类型疾病的主要方式。

目前大多数冠状病毒疫苗的原理都是针对模式株的糖基化蛋白引发抗体保护反应,这一方式一方面难以覆盖不断变异的野生病毒;另外,通过注射疫苗引发的抗体保护反应有效期都很有限。与此相反,针对保守的内源蛋白引发的T细胞免疫反应保护期则很长。

对于记忆性T细胞来说,感染部位的CD4相比CD8数量要更多,然而,对这部分细胞存在于局部组织的意义以及其发挥功能的方式目前仍不清楚。对于呼吸系统来讲,记忆CD4 T细胞主要存在于呼吸道以及软细胞组织中,还有一部分存在于肺泡中。记忆CD4 T细胞是呼吸道感染过程中第一批与病原体接触的细胞类型,表明它们在免疫保护中起到了非常重要的作用,然而其中的精细调控机制目前研究的并不充分。

为了研究记忆性CD4 T细胞在冠状病毒侵染过程中的作用,来自爱荷华大学的Stanley Perlman课题组进行了深入研究,相关结果发表在最近一期的《Immunity》杂志上。

首先,作者分别给小鼠进行皮下接种或肺部接种致死剂量的SARS模式病毒(VRP-SARS-N,能够引发特异性识别nucleocapsid蛋白的T细胞免疫反应),并观察其存活情况。结果显示,肺部接种后小鼠的存活率明显高于皮下接种。之后,作者在小鼠接种之前通过腹腔注射CD4抗体的方式将小鼠体内的记忆性CD4 T 细胞删除,这一处理导致小鼠在肺部接种SARS之后存活率明显下降。这些结果说明肺部的感染引发的免疫保护作用依赖于局部的记忆性CD4 T细胞。

之后,作者比较了小鼠呼吸系统的三个结构:呼吸道,软组织层以及肺泡中记忆性CD4 T细胞的比例。结果显示,记忆性CD4 T细胞主要存在于呼吸道中,而且这部分细胞表达IFN-gamma的水平明显高于其它细胞。通过功能学检测,作者发现呼吸道中的记忆性CD4 T细胞与SARS特异性抗原结合的能力明显高于其它两群细胞。

通过特异性删除呼吸道中的记忆性CD4 T细胞(鼻腔注射CD4 抗体)或中和其分泌的IFN-gamma(鼻腔注射IFN-gamma抗体),作者发现这一处理能够抑制CD4 起到的免疫保护作用。这一结果说明呼吸道中的记忆性CD4 T细胞依赖于IFN-gamma行使其功能。

进一步,作者发现这部分CD4 T细胞分泌的IFN-gamma对于诱导DC向淋巴结的迁移具有促作用。同理,IFN-gamma也有助于效应性CD8 T细胞向被感染肺脏迁移。

最后,作者证明了CD4 T细胞识别的nucleocapsid在多种冠状病毒毒株中保守存在,而且试验证明这部分细胞对于多种冠状病毒毒株感染都有有效的保护作用。

原始出处

Jincun Zhao, Jingxian Zhao, Ashutosh K. Mangalam, Rudragouda Channappanavar, Craig Fett, David K. Meyerholz, Sudhakar Agnihothram, Ralph S. Baric, Chella S. David, Stanley Perlman.Airway Memory CD4+ T Cells Mediate Protective Immunity against Emerging Respiratory Coronaviruses.Immunity.2016

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    2016-08-11 qidongfanjian
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    2016-09-14 ylzr123

    关注值得,学习。赞!好文探究。

    0

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    2016-06-30 zhmscau
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    2016-06-30 yahu

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特异性识别“检查点分子(checkpoint molecules)”的单克隆抗体目前正应用于治疗传染性疾病与癌症。对于患有传染性疾病与癌症的患者来说,体内正是缺少能够抵抗病毒或恶性肿瘤细胞的免疫反应。Anti-PD-1或PD-L1抗体主要是通过抑制PD-1信号通路,阻断免疫抑制效应,从而更大程度地激活针对病原体或肿瘤细胞的免疫反应。此前的实验结果表明:通过使用PD-1抗体,能够有效激活抗病毒

AIDS:HIV患者CD4细胞计数与缺血性卒中风险有关

一项为期15年的研究结果显示,HIV阳性的个体缺血性卒中的风险增高40%,但若此类个体CD4细胞计数增高,则相应风险与HIV阴性个体相似。 相关研究最近发表于国际AIDS学会官方杂志AIDS上。这项研究由1996年开始至2011年结束,涉及仅2.5万HIV阳性个体。缺血性卒中的发生是由于血管内斑块形成所致,可导致血管狭窄或堵塞,阻断脑部的血液和氧气供应。CD4细胞计数

Science:新型CD4 T细胞亚群调节肠道炎症反应

外周调节性T细胞(pTreg)对于限制由外源物质引起的炎症反应具有重要的作用。在肠道中,pTreg主要存在于固有层(lamina propria)中,而上皮间存在的CD4 T细胞同样具有抑制炎症反应的作用。这部分CD4 T细胞依赖视黄酸(Retinoic Acid)以及转化生长因子(TGF-b)发挥功能。为了研究肠道的炎症稳态调节过程中,pTreg以及CD4细胞分别发挥了怎样的作用,来自洛克