腹腔镜下小儿食管裂孔疝修补术麻醉管理1例

2019-04-25 金冰心 林仙菊 中国乡村医药

患儿女,年龄4个月,体重7kg,因“咳嗽3天”于2016年9月28日入院。咳剧时面色涨红,有咳吐1次,非喷射性,伴喉头痰鸣及进食后恶心,无喘息、气促、呼吸困难。专科检查:咽稍充血,两肺呼吸音粗,闻及中等痰鸣音;心音中等,律齐,未闻及杂音;腹软,肝脾未触及肿大。

食管裂孔疝指的一部分或腹腔内脏器经食管裂孔疝及其旁入胸腔,为先天性发育异常,引起呼吸系统、循环系统及肠道症状,重者会影响肺和气管发育。食管裂孔疝患儿心肺脏器多发育不良、营养差,加之腹腔镜手术二氧化碳气腹对呼吸、循环等系统生理影响。因此,腹腔镜下小儿食管裂孔疝修补手术对麻醉管理要求极高。
 
1. 病历摘要
 
患儿女,年龄4个月,体重7kg,因“咳嗽3天”于2016年9月28日入院。咳剧时面色涨红,有咳吐1次,非喷射性,伴喉头痰鸣及进食后恶心,无喘息、气促、呼吸困难。专科检查:咽稍充血,两肺呼吸音粗,闻及中等痰鸣音;心音中等,律齐,未闻及杂音;腹软,肝脾未触及肿大。
 
胸部CT提示:右肺上叶、两肺下叶炎症,食管裂孔疝。上消化道造影提示:食管裂孔疝。诊断:食管裂孔疝、支气管肺炎。经儿内科抗感染治疗后转入小儿外科,拟行“腹腔镜下食管裂孔疝修补术+胃底折叠术”。患儿入室后放在铺有恒温毯的手术床上,设置温度为37℃。连接监护仪,监测脉搏、SpO2、心电图,心率(HR)142次/min,SpO2 99%。患儿术前留置胃肠减压管,诱导前充分抽吸胃肠减压管,并头高足低体位,静脉予阿托品0.01mg/kg、丙泊酚中长链脂肪乳剂2.5mg/kg、枸橼酸芬太尼注射液2μg/kg、罗库溴铵注射液0.6mg/kg,吸入8%七氟烷新鲜气流量5L/min。诱导期间按压环状软骨,面罩辅助呼吸时使用低潮气量、低气道压手法,可视喉镜下插入3.5号带套囊的普通气管导管,深度12 cm,听诊两肺呼吸音对称后固定导管,连接麻醉机控制呼吸。呼吸模式为容量控制模式,设置参数:潮气量70ml、呼吸频率25次/min、吸呼比1∶2。
 
建立左桡动脉监测有创血压,动态监测血气分析,术中监测心电图、有创血压、体温(肛温)、SpO2、呼气末二氧化碳分压(EtCO2)、气道压力。麻醉维持:丙泊酚中长链脂肪乳剂7mg/(kg·h)、七氟烷4%新鲜气流量2L/min、术中间断追加罗库溴铵0.2mg/kg、枸橼酸芬太尼注射液1μg/kg。根据儿童常规补液原则使用微量泵,38℃恒温箱内液体,术中气腹压力设置6~8mmHg;术中有创收缩压70~90mmHg,有创舒张压40~60mmHg,SpO2 99~100%,HR 128~142次/min,EtCO2 34~57mmHg,肛温36.7~37℃。
 
术前血气分析:pH 7.39,氧分压(PO2)316mmHg,PaCO2 34mmHg,Na+ 134mmol/L,K+ 3.0mmol/L,剩余碱(BE)-3mmol/L,Hb 82g/L,予静脉补氯化钾0.2g。术毕血气分析:pH 7.25,PO2 227mmHg,PaCO2 60mmHg,Na+ 136mmol/L,K+ 3.9mmol/L,BE -4mmol/L,Hb 85g/L。手术4小时,术中出血约5ml,共计输注液体300ml。术毕患儿气管插管带入儿内科监护室,术后第1天拔管,观察3小时生命体征平稳后转入儿外科病房,术后9天患儿康复出院。
 
2. 讨论
 
食管裂孔疝主要表现为出生后反复呕吐、咳嗽、呕血、黑便、贫血、发育不良等。该病手术方案需解决复位疝内容物、修补食管裂孔及防治胃食管反流3个问题,腹腔镜下手术具有创伤小、疗效确切的优势。针对本例,笔者有以下体会:
 
2.1 做好充分的术前准备及评估
 
术前需控制肺部感染。本例患儿因反复咳嗽入院,经抗感染治疗后无明显咳嗽症状,术前安静状态下不吸氧时SpO2维持在95%以上。食管裂孔疝麻醉前管理重在强调心肺功能的稳定,积极纠正酸碱、水电解质失衡,合理禁食、禁水,尽可能调节到最佳状态。术前留置胃肠减压管降低胃肠腔内压力,减轻对肺脏压迫及预防诱导时的胃反流误吸。
 
2.2 麻醉诱导与术中管理
 
诱导期要求平稳,静脉注射阿托品是必要的。本例患儿采用阿片类镇痛药芬太尼、吸入高流量七氟烷抑制插管反应,静脉药丙泊酚、肌松药罗库溴铵进行快速平稳的麻醉诱导,同时按压环状软骨,诱导期间借助紧密面罩施行低潮气量、低气道压手法辅助呼吸,避免胃反流误吸。气管插管采用带套囊的气管导管,麻醉机呼吸参数设置为容量控制模式,体重10kg以下小儿采用压力控制模式,避免高气道压力对患儿气道损伤,也利于肺保护;但腹腔镜术中气腹压力及手术时会不同程度增加患儿气道压力,容量控制模式可保证有效每分通气量,通过调节呼吸频率降低EtCO2,间断予罗库溴铵使腹壁充分松弛,也有利于暴露手术野。严密监测SpO2、EtCO2、PaCO2。
 
手术体位可保持适度的头高足低位,使腹腔脏器呈自然下垂状态,气腹压设置为6~8mmHg。建立有创动脉对密切观察静脉回流及心排量变化最有效,方便行血气分析、监测酸碱平衡电解质水平。患儿术前检测血气分析中K+ 3.0mmol/L,予静脉泵注氯化钾0.2g,术毕血钾上升至3.9mmol/L表示电解质已平衡,pH 7.25、PaCO2 60mmHg表示患儿存在轻度呼吸性酸中毒,考虑腹腔镜气腹引起,气腹结束后继续呼吸机支持治疗PaCO2会缓慢下降。
 
术后第2天查血气分析:pH 7.36,PaCO2 37mmHg,K+ 3.65mmol/L,电解质酸碱已达平衡。受术前小儿禁食、禁饮、术中失血等影响,术中适当输液对维持循环的稳定甚为重要,术中液体严格管理避免快速输液加重心肺负担,采用微量泵注液体,根据常规补液模式分次输注平衡液200ml、胶体液100ml。注意围术期体温保护,低体温可加深麻醉,导致呼吸循环抑制、苏醒延迟等。笔者对本例患儿采取恒温毯保暖、输入加温后的液体、室温保持在28℃左右等措施。
 
2.3 术后管理
 
食管裂孔疝患儿术前常合并肺发育不良,有时脏器复位后萎陷的肺组织也不能立即膨胀,呼吸功能指标并未得到相应改善,术后送ICU继续呼吸支持,必要时予呼气末正压通气保证充分氧合。
 
原始出处:

金冰心,林仙菊.腹腔镜下小儿食管裂孔疝修补术麻醉管理1例[J].中国乡村医药,2018,25(09):43-44.

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    2019-04-27 zhouqu_8
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    2019-04-26 183****7028

    学习

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