指导规范:缺血性脑卒中急性期药物治疗

2022-02-22 “神经时讯”公众号 “神经时讯”公众号

关于缺血性脑卒中急性期的药物治疗,国家卫生健康委发布的《中国脑卒中防治指导规范(2021年版)》推荐意见如下。

关于缺血性脑卒中急性期的药物治疗,国家卫生健康委发布的《中国脑卒中防治指导规范(2021年版)》推荐意见如下。

抗血小板

【推荐意见】

1. 对于不符合静脉溶栓或血管内取栓适应证且无禁忌证的缺血性脑卒中患者,应在发病后尽早给予口服阿司匹林150~300 mg/d治疗。急性期后可改为预防剂量(50~300 mg/d)。

2. 溶栓治疗者,阿司匹林等抗血小板药物应在溶栓24 h后开始使用,如果患者存在其他特殊情况(如合并疾病),在评估获益大于风险后可以考虑在阿替普酶静脉溶栓24 h内使用抗血小板药物。

3. 对不能耐受阿司匹林者,可考虑选用氯吡格雷等抗血小板治疗。

4. 对于未接受静脉溶栓治疗的轻型脑卒中患者(NIHSS≤3分),在发病24 h内应尽早启动双重抗血小板治疗(阿司匹林和氯吡格雷)并维持21 d,有利于降低发病90 d内的脑卒中复发风险,但应密切观察出血风险。

5. 血管内机械取栓后24 h内使用抗血小板药物替罗非班的疗效与安全性有待进一步研究,可结合患者个体化情况评估后进行决策(是否联合静脉溶栓治疗等)。

6. 临床研究未证实替格瑞洛治疗轻型脑卒中优于阿司匹林,不推荐替格瑞洛代替阿司匹林用于轻型脑卒中的急性期治疗。替格瑞洛的安全性与阿司匹林相似,可考虑作为有使用阿司匹林禁忌证的替代药物。

抗凝

【推荐意见】

1. 对大多数急性缺血性脑卒中患者,不推荐无选择地早期进行抗凝治疗。

2. 对少数特殊的急性缺血性脑卒中患者(如放置心脏机械瓣膜)是否进行抗凝治疗,需综合评估(如病灶大小、血压控制、肝肾功能等),如出血风险较小,致残性脑栓塞风险高,可在充分沟通后谨慎选择使用。

3. 特殊情况下溶栓后还需抗凝治疗的患者,应在24 h后使用抗凝剂。

4. 对缺血性脑卒中同侧颈内动脉有严重狭窄者,使用急性抗凝的疗效尚待进一步研究证实。

5. 凝血酶抑制剂治疗急性缺血性脑卒中的有效性尚待更多研究进一步证实。目前这些药物只在临床研究环境中或根据个体的具体情况使用。

降纤

【推荐意见】对不适合溶栓并经过严格筛选的脑梗死患者,特别是高纤维蛋白原血症者可选用降纤治疗。

扩容

【推荐意见】

1. 对大多数缺血性脑卒中患者,不推荐扩容治疗。

2. 对于低血压或脑血流低灌注所致的急性脑梗死如分水岭梗死可考虑扩容治疗,但应注意可能会加重脑水肿、心力衰竭等并发症,对有严重脑水肿及心力衰竭的患者不推荐使用扩容治疗。

扩张血管

【推荐意见】对于大多数缺血性脑卒中患者,不推荐扩血管治疗。

其他改善脑血液循环药物

【推荐意见】在临床工作中,依据随机对照试验研究结果,个体化应用丁基苯酞、人尿激肽原酶。

他汀类药物

【推荐意见】

1. 急性缺血性脑卒中发病前服用他汀类药物的患者,可继续使用他汀治疗。

2. 根据患者年龄、性别、脑卒中亚型、伴随疾病及耐受性等临床特征,确定他汀治疗的种类及他汀治疗的强度。

神经保护药物

【推荐意见】

1. 神经保护剂的疗效与安全性尚需开展更多高质量临床试验进一步证实。

2. 上述一些有随机对照试验的药物在临床实践中可根据具体情况个体化使用。

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    2022-07-18 feifers
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    2022-04-27 屋顶瞄爱赏月

    学习了

    0

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    2022-02-23 ms4000001135913368

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