张萍教授谈:射频消融术后抗心律失常药物的使用

2017-12-21 佚名 中国医学论坛报

心律失常是一类疾病的统称,指心脏的正常节律发生异常改变,如心率加快或减慢、节律不规整,也包括起源部位异常和传导异常等。临床常见心律失常有心动过缓、频发房早和室早、心动过速、房颤等。


张萍 教授、主任医师

北京清华长庚医院

专家观点

射频消融术主要治疗哪类心律失常患者?

心律失常是一类疾病的统称,指心脏的正常节律发生异常改变,如心率加快或减慢、节律不规整,也包括起源部位异常和传导异常等。临床常见心律失常有心动过缓、频发房早和室早、心动过速、房颤等。

能够接受射频消融术的心律失常主要是快速性心律失常。快速性心律失常是指心律不适当加快,包括室上性心动过速和室速等。其中,房颤、心房扑动和房性心动过速也属于室上速。对多数心动过速、频发早搏、房扑和房颤等,在药物治疗无效时可以经导管射频消融;而对阵发性室上性心动过速,经导管射频消融是一线治疗方法。

射频消融治疗心律失常最经典的是用于室上速。其中室上性心动过速使用经导管射频消融可以达到95%以上成功率,射频消融术治疗心房扑动也可以达到80%以上的成功率,对于室性早搏、室性心动过速成功率较高,治疗效果显着。

心房颤动的药物治疗效果有限,疗效不理想,且仅能改善症状,不改善预后,治标不治本。所以近年来,经导管射频消融术在房颤治疗中的地位越来越高。2012年“欧洲房颤治疗指南”进行了要点更新,明确指出有症状的阵发性房颤经药物治疗无效,推荐导管射频消融治疗;阵发性房颤患者若更愿意接受导管射频消融而非药物治疗时,也可将导管消融作为一线治疗方法。

射频消融术后抗心律失常药物如何使用?

由于现有消融技术的局限性,目前无法达到较好的根治效果,约30%-40%患者行射频消融术后出现早期房颤复发,慢性心房颤动达到50%复发,所以术后管理非常重要。不同于室上速的发病机制,经导管射频消融术会造成心肌的炎症反应,产生炎症反应的心肌组织呈现易激惹状态,所以易发生早搏、异位激动、更加频繁的心房颤动。通常将心房颤动行经导管射频消融术后3个月,称为空白期,空白期的意义在于无法针对这一时期房颤的发生频率评价经导管射频消融术的成功与否。

所以,对于房颤术后抗心律失常药物的应用,主要分为两个阶段:第一个阶段即空白期用药,在临床工作者认识到早期经导管射频消融术后房颤患者易频发房颤、复发房速后,一般在射频消融术后即使用抗心律失常药物。一线抗心律失常药物的选择主要为Ⅲ类经典抗心律失常药物胺碘酮,其维持窦性心律的成功率较高,在临床中使用最为广泛。首次给予未即刻发生房颤的患者一定负荷量,进而静滴维持剂量。

第二个阶段即3个月后,如患者复发,毫无疑问需继续进行抗心律失常药物的维持及治疗,以及评估何时进行下次射频消融术。

部分国家及地区对于阵发性房颤患者,完全隔离后通过电生理检查、电刺激的诱发以及一些药物诱发,复发情况较少,在空白期未进行抗心律失常药物的治疗。但是,因随访手段密切度不够,往往容易忽视无症状性房颤患者的复发。

所以,特别对于慢性持续性心律失常患者,2016 ESC指南明确指出,射频消融术后,应给予抗心律失常药物治疗8-12周以减少射频消融术后的早期房颤复发;2012 HRS-EHRA-ECAS房颤射频消融专家共识同样指出,射频消融术后1-3个月,短期使用抗心律失常药物可减少房颤早期复发风险。

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