颈动脉斑块筛查,有必要吗?

2018-05-28 佚名 超声

做埋头的驼鸟还是警醒的猫头鹰,相信每个人都有自己的答案。颈动脉斑块筛查应是一项有意义的工作,但其筛查的意义与价值还取决于我们如何做,以及如何面对斑块。

对于无症状人群,是否就不需颈动脉斑块筛查呢?

做埋头的驼鸟还是警醒的猫头鹰,相信每个人都有自己的答案。颈动脉斑块筛查应是一项有意义的工作,但其筛查的意义与价值还取决于我们如何做,以及如何面对斑块。



颈动脉斑块筛查目前的做法是否合理?

目前颈动脉斑块筛查主要内容是进行颈部超声检查,而超声却存在一定的局限性,成为受人诟病人的焦点。

动脉粥样硬化是全身血管的疾病,颈动脉超声只是一个窗口,在一定程度上反应了动脉硬化的程度。

颈动脉彩超检查是一种无创的检查方式,它可以通过很简单的方式来实施;目前可以早期检测到颈动脉内血管壁厚度、斑块形成类型及部位、血流状况、管腔的狭窄程度等,人们可以通过狭窄程度以及斑块类型来预测卒中风险,进而确定下一步治疗方案。

我们应该仔细分析一下颈部超声检查如何做,如何在技术上保证检查的敏感度,降低假阳性。但当前的颈动脉斑块筛查可造成许多误区,引起误解。

误区一:颈动脉超声正常就不会得脑卒中?

颈动脉超声正常也只是说明颈部这一部位超声所查到的血管是正常的,还有其他部位的血管没有查到,比如心脏的冠状动脉、除颈部之外的颅内脑血管等等。1/5的脑血管病其实来自心脏,先有房颤,和血管毫无关系。所以脑血管筛查正常,并不意味着你不会患脑血管病。那些没有查到的部位不一定也是完全正常的,可能也有或多或少的问题。所以颈动脉超声正常和是否发生脑卒中并没有百分之百的对应关系。

误区二:发现颈动脉斑块,就意味着它会脱落导致脑卒中?

很多人在颈部超声发现颈动脉存在硬化斑块后都会问这个问题,为此过度焦虑担忧,其实大可不必这样。因为答案是不肯定!斑块有发生破裂、继发血栓形成、血栓脱落导致脑卒中的风险,但这种风险却是有差异的,人们称之为斑块易损性。斑块易损性直接与卒中风险相关。颈动脉斑块检查不应仅仅关注是否存在斑块,以及狭窄程度,而应是斑块易损性。颈部超声与颈部高分辨MR均可以对斑块易损性进行分析,二者互为补充。

误区三:颈部超声是唯一的颈动脉斑块筛查吗?

答案是否定的。颈动脉斑块筛查除了颈部超声外,还应包括颈部高分辨MR。颈部超声是一种初步筛查,它因为简单、经济、无创而广受欢迎。颈部高分辨MR是一种深入检查颈部斑块易损性的定性工具,目前MR可以对斑块的脂质坏死核、纤维帽、钙化、斑块内出血进行定性与定量分析,这样对颈部斑块才能形成比较全面的分析,客观地评价现状,并指导预防措施。

对于斑块稳定性,临床上的标准是:有TIA发作或脑梗塞,有症状就表明斑块不稳定。它作为一种事后判断,有明显不足;而超声和高分辨MR分析则是一种预先判断,临床意义突出。目前一般是在颈部超声初步筛查出超过1MM的斑块后,以及大致的斑块范围后,采取颈部高分辨MR精准分析,重点内容是斑块易损性分析,并提出合理、科学的斑块干预方案。

误区四:颈动脉斑块需要通过手术干预?

其实发现的颈动脉斑块大多是一种预警,需要通过寻找后面的致动脉硬化原因(高血压糖尿病、吸烟和高胆固醇),只需进行相应干预(控制高血压糖尿病、戒烟、合理饮食和他汀、适量运动)就可,而不需要通过手术干预。但有些人不想通过这些日常的生活管理,只想通过一次性手术达到目的,这是不现实的。

其实针对颈动脉斑块的两种手术:颈动脉内膜切除术(CEA)和颈动脉支架成形术(CAS),二者均有严格的适应证,同时存在一定的手术风险。同时手术后也需要进行生活方式的干预,否则斑块依旧会复发,卒中风险依旧较高。

是否需要手术或者是否手术更有利,需要按照最新指南来做,需要听从相关脑血管病专家的意见。



颈动脉斑块筛查大有必要!

用疾病链来比喻脑卒中的发病,生活方式和危险因素(吸烟、肥胖、酗酒、久坐缺乏运动、饮食不均衡等)→疾病危险因素(高血压、高血糖、高血脂等)→血管硬化、斑块、狭窄→心脑血管病(脑卒中、冠心病),这是一条完整的疾病链。

颈动脉斑块不是唯一的卒中致病原因,却是重要的原因。上医医未病,不管有没有狭窄,有没有斑块,都要注意控制危险因素,包括生活方式危险因素和疾病危险因素。这才是我们关注的重点,虽然颈动脉斑块筛查只是其中一项,但却是一个重要的窗口,如果阳性则应继续随访跟踪,关注背后的生活方式和危险因素,并及时修正,这才是其重要意义。

对于颈动脉斑块筛查不能仅考虑斑块的存在与否和管腔的狭窄率,斑块的性质更重要。控制卒中的各项危险因素是最重要的治疗措施。如增加运动、合理饮食、减轻体重、戒烟、不酗酒、控制血压、血糖、血脂等。治疗手段包括有健康管理、药物治疗、手术治疗。

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    2018-12-13 攀少

    看后收益不小

    0

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    2018-06-27 1231f71fm16暂无昵称

    有必要

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=355337, encodeId=7a6b35533eec, content=看后收益不小, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/06/30/3a6e3686703645139ec16cafecb2b5b1.jpg, createdBy=41492083902, createdName=攀少, createdTime=Thu Dec 13 21:36:28 CST 2018, time=2018-12-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1843515, encodeId=f97e18435159b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dab8100523bb' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#颈动脉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=22, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=100523, encryptionId=dab8100523bb, topicName=颈动脉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=416347, createdName=mhzhuang@stu.e, createdTime=Thu Aug 23 08:29:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=327297, encodeId=8baf32e29709, content=有必要, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7bbd2384990, createdName=1231f71fm16暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed Jun 27 05:12:32 CST 2018, time=2018-06-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1280778, encodeId=ba8a1280e78ff, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c6ba1005490e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#颈动脉斑块#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=100549, encryptionId=c6ba1005490e, topicName=颈动脉斑块)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7387164, createdName=zhangj7108, createdTime=Wed May 30 13:29:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1330084, encodeId=57d81330084df, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a91c5e92328' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#斑块#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=57923, encryptionId=a91c5e92328, topicName=斑块)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/101296147/4E6244DB7C1860858424437821E08291/100, createdBy=a6a52500039, createdName=ms3994565386320060, createdTime=Wed May 30 13:29:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=319724, encodeId=c1db319e2434, content=只能作为初步筛查指标, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=79f02367502, createdName=122e6cb5m62暂无昵称, createdTime=Tue May 29 18:54:59 CST 2018, time=2018-05-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=319609, encodeId=f8b63196093f, content=不同人群.注意点不一样, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLCclExeQ6LOGMD4dTsia4Ty4HtZCxRmG5vO5XIKfKX3a3vusfhHSej4Iib517vmhFW7RQgh7bpDp1yw/0, createdBy=50951609779, createdName=baihao215, createdTime=Tue May 29 08:14:03 CST 2018, time=2018-05-29, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=355337, encodeId=7a6b35533eec, content=看后收益不小, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/06/30/3a6e3686703645139ec16cafecb2b5b1.jpg, createdBy=41492083902, createdName=攀少, createdTime=Thu Dec 13 21:36:28 CST 2018, time=2018-12-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1843515, encodeId=f97e18435159b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dab8100523bb' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#颈动脉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=22, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=100523, encryptionId=dab8100523bb, topicName=颈动脉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=416347, createdName=mhzhuang@stu.e, createdTime=Thu Aug 23 08:29:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=327297, encodeId=8baf32e29709, content=有必要, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7bbd2384990, createdName=1231f71fm16暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed Jun 27 05:12:32 CST 2018, time=2018-06-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1280778, encodeId=ba8a1280e78ff, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c6ba1005490e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#颈动脉斑块#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=100549, encryptionId=c6ba1005490e, topicName=颈动脉斑块)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7387164, createdName=zhangj7108, createdTime=Wed May 30 13:29:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1330084, encodeId=57d81330084df, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a91c5e92328' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#斑块#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=57923, encryptionId=a91c5e92328, topicName=斑块)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/101296147/4E6244DB7C1860858424437821E08291/100, createdBy=a6a52500039, createdName=ms3994565386320060, createdTime=Wed May 30 13:29:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=319724, encodeId=c1db319e2434, content=只能作为初步筛查指标, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=79f02367502, createdName=122e6cb5m62暂无昵称, createdTime=Tue May 29 18:54:59 CST 2018, time=2018-05-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=319609, encodeId=f8b63196093f, content=不同人群.注意点不一样, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLCclExeQ6LOGMD4dTsia4Ty4HtZCxRmG5vO5XIKfKX3a3vusfhHSej4Iib517vmhFW7RQgh7bpDp1yw/0, createdBy=50951609779, createdName=baihao215, createdTime=Tue May 29 08:14:03 CST 2018, time=2018-05-29, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=355337, encodeId=7a6b35533eec, content=看后收益不小, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/06/30/3a6e3686703645139ec16cafecb2b5b1.jpg, createdBy=41492083902, createdName=攀少, createdTime=Thu Dec 13 21:36:28 CST 2018, time=2018-12-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1843515, encodeId=f97e18435159b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dab8100523bb' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#颈动脉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=22, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=100523, encryptionId=dab8100523bb, topicName=颈动脉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=416347, createdName=mhzhuang@stu.e, createdTime=Thu Aug 23 08:29:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=327297, encodeId=8baf32e29709, content=有必要, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7bbd2384990, createdName=1231f71fm16暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed Jun 27 05:12:32 CST 2018, time=2018-06-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1280778, encodeId=ba8a1280e78ff, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c6ba1005490e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#颈动脉斑块#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=100549, encryptionId=c6ba1005490e, topicName=颈动脉斑块)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7387164, createdName=zhangj7108, createdTime=Wed May 30 13:29:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1330084, encodeId=57d81330084df, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a91c5e92328' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#斑块#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=57923, encryptionId=a91c5e92328, topicName=斑块)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/101296147/4E6244DB7C1860858424437821E08291/100, createdBy=a6a52500039, createdName=ms3994565386320060, createdTime=Wed May 30 13:29:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=319724, encodeId=c1db319e2434, content=只能作为初步筛查指标, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=79f02367502, createdName=122e6cb5m62暂无昵称, createdTime=Tue May 29 18:54:59 CST 2018, time=2018-05-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=319609, encodeId=f8b63196093f, content=不同人群.注意点不一样, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLCclExeQ6LOGMD4dTsia4Ty4HtZCxRmG5vO5XIKfKX3a3vusfhHSej4Iib517vmhFW7RQgh7bpDp1yw/0, createdBy=50951609779, createdName=baihao215, createdTime=Tue May 29 08:14:03 CST 2018, time=2018-05-29, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-05-29 122e6cb5m62暂无昵称

    只能作为初步筛查指标

    0

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    2018-05-29 baihao215

    不同人群.注意点不一样

    0

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