为何美国发明的抗生素本土医生很少用?

2017-05-15 周伯庭 湘雅医院药剂科

虽然每年美国新发明的和新上市的抗生素不少,但美国的医师很少使用,主要是为了防止抗生素的滥用。


4月7日是世界卫生日,今年的主题是“抵御耐药性:今天不采取行动,明天就无药可用”。抗菌药物滥用现象在我国一直较为普遍,滥用抗菌药物会诱发细菌耐药,最终可能会导致“无药可用”。美国作为医学科技高度发达国家,在临床抗菌药物的使用方面经验丰富,技术先进,值得学习借鉴。

今年2月,我赴克瑞顿大学医学中心(CreightonUniversityMedicalCenter)的疾病控制中心和内布拉斯加州立大学医学中心(UniversityofNebraskMedicalCenter)的心血管治疗中心、糖尿病治疗中心以及疾病控制中心学习,在抗感染治疗方面受益匪浅。同行的高洁医师是克瑞顿大学医学中心疾病控制中心的专家,非常关注中国抗生素的使用情况。

建章立制确保所有医院重视抗感染治疗

据高洁医师介绍,在美国,每个医院都制定有抗感染的相关政策,每个医院必须做到:在抗感染的预防和治疗方面为患者提供良好的服务;尽可能使用低档的抗感染药物;尽可能延缓多重耐药菌株的出现和传播;加强年轻医师抗菌药物使用的培训和指导;杜绝无必要的、无效的抗菌药物的使用,严格管理昂贵的和无必要的高级抗菌药物的使用。

同时,每个医院都有负责抗感染的专门委员会,该委员会的成员由临床药师、医师、微生物专家以及医院领导等组成,并明确该委员会的职责:广泛征求不同专业的临床医师对抗菌药物使用的建议;建立抗菌药物处方集,严格抗菌药物的使用和管制;建立抗菌药物使用的指导方针,包括抗菌药物的预防和治疗、适宜的剂量、治疗时间等;总结抗菌药物的合理使用以及耐药情况,并将这些信息反馈到临床医师;负责合理使用抗感染药物的教育与普及。该委员会强调抗菌药物合理使用的教育和普及工作,同时,强调微生物实验室的结果对抗感染的指导。

在美国,一个优良抗感染的治疗,应该包括:充分考虑患者是否需要抗生素治疗的必要;充分考虑交叉感染的患者;如果患者的状态得到改善,一般不应改变抗生素的治疗;在临床诊断上,患者72小时内如果抗生素治疗无效,应考虑更换抗生素或二重感染;应尽量减少抗生素的有效治疗时间;应考察患者抗生素治疗后5天内的情况;对于手术部位感染预防性用药持续时间是术后24小时。

严管严控强化医院内部管理 严防抗生素滥用现象

高洁医师表示:美国多数医院没有专门的输液室。美国对抗生素管理非常严格,低年资医生,只能开第一代和第二代抗生素,高档抗生素须有主任级别医生签字才可以用,美国早在1960年代就开始重视抗生素滥用问题,并明文管制。现在的美国,患者要买到抗生素要过好几道关:其一是医师关。抗生素是严格管制的处方药,医师如果不遵守规定乱开处方就会受到处罚。一旦被发现就会给予警告甚至吊销行医执照。其二是药店关。高洁说:在美国买枪容易买抗生素难。在美国买枪,一个手续就可以买到,而且这些手续很容易办。但买到抗生素的手续就复杂了。没有医生的签字,美国任何药店、医院都不可能把抗生素卖给患者。而患者也只有持医生处方方能买到抗生素。其三就是监管关。美国对抗生素管制很苛刻,定期考核医师的抗菌药知识,不及格者将停止其处方权。

高洁介绍:十多年前她在国内时,第二代头孢用得很普遍,第三代头孢的使用也屡见不鲜。现在中国医师已不大使用二代头孢了,但美国医师大都还在使用二代头孢。虽然每年美国新发明的和新上市的抗生素不少,但美国的医师很少使用,主要是为了防止抗生素的滥用。这使我想起:在美国,我身边的中国朋友来美国时,每人都会从国内带来一大包药,主要是用来自行预防和治疗感冒用的。这些药物中有很大比例是抗生素。我的美国朋友一值惊讶我们没病为何带这么多抗生素。高洁说:中国抗生素人均消费是美国的十倍,多数美国人从没打过吊瓶。这些不能不作为我们医师和全社会合理使用抗菌药物的借鉴。

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replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/09/21/39b6a0099eb602e8ac1f7e10d5d440a9.jpg, createdBy=dee01724555, createdName=杨利洪, createdTime=Tue May 16 06:40:25 CST 2017, time=2017-05-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=198423, encodeId=cb391984231b, content=美国抗生素治疗值得学习,但应结合我国实际情况。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKe6JIArctUjibbaEn6NUN1ib6aTJzVBeoOauj5VGppSU08TUic40qrrxVFCkEhWkCZLfajqxZtMUoSQ/0, createdBy=93b52023248, createdName=杏峰, createdTime=Mon May 15 15:47:42 CST 2017, time=2017-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=198389, encodeId=347b19838991, content=抗生素滥用真的是个问题,确实需要采取切实有效的措施。, 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    2017-07-17 lofter

    学习了,感谢分享!

    0

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    2017-05-17 虈亣靌

    不错学习中,每天进步一点

    0

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    2017-05-17 惠映实验室

    这还真的需要好好比较

    0

  4. 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beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5Kzuf9u71gZhPYMiajRtENwicoAABeQtfXOlic8ibhYSy6DvJZWUDVtjRvTfqBffr1XJ6JLtFB5kHicthl/0, createdBy=d41c2055892, createdName=184****9840, createdTime=Mon May 15 14:07:23 CST 2017, time=2017-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-05-16 微笑人参

    学习,学习,学习还是学习

    0

  5. 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beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5Kzuf9u71gZhPYMiajRtENwicoAABeQtfXOlic8ibhYSy6DvJZWUDVtjRvTfqBffr1XJ6JLtFB5kHicthl/0, createdBy=d41c2055892, createdName=184****9840, createdTime=Mon May 15 14:07:23 CST 2017, time=2017-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-05-16 绛珠草小姐

    学习了,谢谢

    0

  6. 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createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zSn0GqHrsfLPeNmuNF9ibgMfMOAs7Iic5MpiaU8RLmRH67xCKuk5wzfhb7G4ib7ia6z9lrnsTicj1nAUfEOMecZDtvvu/0, createdBy=d7f91939785, createdName=186****0580(小山羊), createdTime=Tue May 16 10:13:03 CST 2017, time=2017-05-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=198707, encodeId=7027198e0711, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfBfgWn9nXBgH1sNSiaOAKhsKpN40jDHQKqcRzovau5VibLvREN8uxnu9sKoScBicHSiaDMmbveibFdrBiaD4k4IOPwlG/0, createdBy=b5d11730951, createdName=Jackie Li, createdTime=Tue May 16 08:19:23 CST 2017, time=2017-05-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=198653, encodeId=546219865382, content=值得学习,应该重视, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/09/21/39b6a0099eb602e8ac1f7e10d5d440a9.jpg, createdBy=dee01724555, createdName=杨利洪, createdTime=Tue May 16 06:40:25 CST 2017, time=2017-05-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=198423, encodeId=cb391984231b, content=美国抗生素治疗值得学习,但应结合我国实际情况。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKe6JIArctUjibbaEn6NUN1ib6aTJzVBeoOauj5VGppSU08TUic40qrrxVFCkEhWkCZLfajqxZtMUoSQ/0, createdBy=93b52023248, createdName=杏峰, createdTime=Mon May 15 15:47:42 CST 2017, time=2017-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=198389, encodeId=347b19838991, content=抗生素滥用真的是个问题,确实需要采取切实有效的措施。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5Kzuf9u71gZhPYMiajRtENwicoAABeQtfXOlic8ibhYSy6DvJZWUDVtjRvTfqBffr1XJ6JLtFB5kHicthl/0, createdBy=d41c2055892, createdName=184****9840, createdTime=Mon May 15 14:07:23 CST 2017, time=2017-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-05-16 186****0580(小山羊)

    学习了谢谢了。

    0

  7. 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    2017-05-16 Jackie Li

    学习

    0

  8. 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    2017-05-16 杨利洪

    值得学习,应该重视

    0

  9. 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replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/09/21/39b6a0099eb602e8ac1f7e10d5d440a9.jpg, createdBy=dee01724555, createdName=杨利洪, createdTime=Tue May 16 06:40:25 CST 2017, time=2017-05-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=198423, encodeId=cb391984231b, content=美国抗生素治疗值得学习,但应结合我国实际情况。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKe6JIArctUjibbaEn6NUN1ib6aTJzVBeoOauj5VGppSU08TUic40qrrxVFCkEhWkCZLfajqxZtMUoSQ/0, createdBy=93b52023248, createdName=杏峰, createdTime=Mon May 15 15:47:42 CST 2017, time=2017-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=198389, encodeId=347b19838991, content=抗生素滥用真的是个问题,确实需要采取切实有效的措施。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5Kzuf9u71gZhPYMiajRtENwicoAABeQtfXOlic8ibhYSy6DvJZWUDVtjRvTfqBffr1XJ6JLtFB5kHicthl/0, createdBy=d41c2055892, createdName=184****9840, createdTime=Mon May 15 14:07:23 CST 2017, time=2017-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-05-15 杏峰

    美国抗生素治疗值得学习,但应结合我国实际情况。

    0

  10. 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    2017-05-15 184****9840

    抗生素滥用真的是个问题,确实需要采取切实有效的措施。

    0

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