Science:联用羟氯喹与阿奇霉素或可有效治疗COVID-19,但心血管死亡风险会增加

2020-04-24 竹子 转化医学网

导言:唐纳德·特朗普总统在新闻发布会上对两种抗疟药物氯喹和羟氯喹甚是吹捧。一名医生断言,这种药物已被证明是完全安全的,因为它们已经被用于对抗疟疾数十年

导言:唐纳德·特朗普总统在新闻发布会上对两种抗疟药物氯喹和羟氯喹甚是吹捧。一名医生断言,这种药物已被证明是完全安全的,因为它们已经被用于对抗疟疾数十年,并且还被用于驯服狼疮和类风湿关节炎中过度活跃的免疫细胞。但是没有确凿证据表明它们可以治疗COVID-19,人们反而对其副作用的关注度越来越高。

遗传心脏病专家迈克尔·阿克曼(Michael Ackerman)曾在梅奥诊所治疗因遗传原因而易患心律不齐的患者。他表示,氯喹和羟氯喹具有潜在的致命副作用:它们会引起一种不规则的心律,有时会导致心脏骤停。虽然说副作用很少发作,但根据数十年来服用这些药物的其他人群的数据,医生无法准确说出这些药物对重症COVID-19患者到底有多危险。

有人提出,医生认为心律失常不过是新冠病毒的“误伤”。阿克曼对此表示质疑,因此起草了“ 紧急指南” ,该指南于3月25日在《梅奥诊所学报》上发表,解释说医生可以通过监视风险最大的人来预防死亡——如果出现心律不齐,可以采取撤药或服用其他药物稳定心脏的措施。

用羟氯喹治疗COVID-19已成为许多医院的标准方法。该药物通常与抗生素阿奇霉素合用,一些研究表明该药物也具有抗病毒作用。美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)已授权COVID-19患者紧急使用氯喹和羟氯喹。但是,没有一项大型的随机试验证明这些药物(单独或与阿奇霉素联用)可有效治疗该疾病。目前越来越多的证据表明羟氯喹在治疗COVID-19上没有很大疗效。

4月16日预印本网站medRxiv公布的一项巴西临床试验中,81名因新冠住院的患者服用了氯喹和阿奇霉素,在调查结束后停止了用药。结果发现,同时服用这两种药物的小组死亡率更高。大剂量组的心电图(EKG)读数也显示出增加的心律失常风险。进行该试验的研究人员在社交媒体上还受到了死亡威胁,而保守的媒体则谴责他们故意给患者服用高剂量药物。

4月20日在预印本上有一项来自368位接受COVID-19治疗的美国退伍军人的数据分析,结果表明,即使在研究人员进行了调整之后,服用羟氯喹的人因其他任何原因死亡的风险都比未服用羟氯喹的人更高。病情更严重的患者更有可能服用这种药物。据上周的美国全国广播公司(NBC)新闻报道,纽约一名妇女因冠状病毒样症状服用羟氯喹和阿奇霉素于本月死亡。没有证据表明药物性心律失常导致了她的死亡。现在,研究人员正在尝试确定COVID-19患者的这种副作用的发生率,并敦促患者在监测期间进行认真的心脏监测治疗。

氯喹和羟氯喹可能会通过抑制冠状病毒进入细胞,并抑制患者免疫系统潜在的致命过度反应来帮助COVID-19患者。但是,法国进行的一项小试验最初对羟氯喹作为COVID-19治疗提供了支持,但由于方法上的缺陷而受到了广泛的批评,包括未能将研究组随机分组。后来的小规模试验(包括上周作为预印本在中国对150名患者进行的随机研究)尚未找到有效的证据。

同时,这些药物会导致心律失常的潜力也有据可查。氯喹和羟氯喹会阻断心肌细胞上控制离子流的通道。阿奇霉素也引起了人们的关注,因为它也会阻塞离子通道并改变心脏的电图。许多研究人员说,将其添加到羟氯喹中的原理尚不清楚。但一项法国研究发现,同时使用两种药物比单独使用羟氯喹的患者清除病毒的速度更快。

4月10日于medRxiv上发布的预印本中,牛津大学药物流行病学家丹尼尔·普里托-阿尔罕布拉(Daniel Prieto-Alhambra)及其同事在六个国家服用羟氯喹治疗类风湿性关节炎的医疗记录中,寻找有关这种组合疗法安全性的线索。他们中300,000多人还曾服用过阿奇霉素来治疗感染。研究人员发现,一个人在开始服用羟氯喹后一个月内发生心力衰竭的风险,与开始服用另一种常见的关节炎药物,柳氮磺胺吡啶的风险相当。但是在将阿奇霉素添加到羟氯喹中的一个月后,心血管死亡的风险增加了一倍以上。

美国传染病学会、美国心脏病学会和美国国立卫生研究所都建议患者只服用氯喹或羟氯喹其中一种药物,除非有更多的临床证据表明联用羟氯喹和阿奇霉素是有效的。

仔细的筛查和监测在此类试验中很常见。例如,由美国国家心脏、肺部和血液研究所资助的一项对510名羟氯喹患者进行的研究(称为ORCHID)排除了QT间隔异常长,有QT延长病史,或服用可能延长QT的药物的COVID-19患者。

研究人员表示,他们会继续花更多时间思考,如何在临床研究的背景下安全地监测这一切,以最大化利用这些药物来有效治疗新冠患者。

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    2020-04-26 jichang
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