Brain-小血管疾病和痴呆标志物,如何影响大脑白质病变?

2022-07-28 Freeman MedSci原创

纤维密度能捕捉到脑小血管疾病的影响,而纤维束的横截面则主要由神经变性决定

阿尔茨海默病(AD)和脑小血管疾病(SVD)是痴呆的两个最常见的原因。阿尔茨海默病是一种蛋白病,其特点是淀粉样β斑块和神经纤维tau缠结的皮层堆积,导致神经变性,可以用PET和MRI评估。相反,SVD与穿透性小血管的病理改变有关,在MRI上主要表现为白质增生、裂隙和脑微出血。虽然AD和SVD是不同的疾病,有不同的病因和病理机制,但在记忆门诊寻求临床治疗的大多数患者都有不同程度的AD和SVD相关的大脑改变。

组织病理学研究表明,高达80%的前驱性AD患者在尸检时出现脑血管改变。这表明这两种疾病实体在临床人群中存在大量重叠,可能是由于共同的风险因素。因此,非常需要能够捕捉到AD和SVD的生物标志物,并描述每种疾病在个体患者中的程度和贡献。

 

图1: 论文封面图

近年来,扩散MRI已经发展成为量化SVD中白质改变的首选方法,大多数研究依赖于扩散张量成像。白质的弥散改变在整个AD过程中也经常观察到。全球白质弥散指标似乎主要由SVD相关的白质损伤决定,掩盖了任何可能因AD病理而发生的白质损伤。使用兴趣区或基于纤维束的分析的研究表明,AD和SVD的扩散MRI改变的空间模式不同,这就需要研究对白质纤维束的区域影响。然而,与AD相关和SVD相关的白质损伤的特定生物标志物仍然缺乏。


以前的扩散模型未能区分不同病理引起的白质改变的一个潜在原因是它们不能说明大脑白质的复杂解剖结构。组织学研究表明,大脑的白质结构非常复杂,高达98%的白质由多根纤维组成,且纤维方向交叉。 最先进的约束球面去卷积算法产生了希望,因为它们允许在固定水平(体素内的纤维群)而不是体素水平上推导出特定于底层纤维群的扩散措施(图1)。利用这个框架,我们可以同时推导出纤维密度和纤维束横截面的特定纤维束措施。纤维密度是白质微结构的一个固定的特征,大约与轴内总体积成比例。纤维束横断面是一个固定单元特有的宏观特征,可能反映了累积的轴突损失。

在临床AD和轻度认知障碍中,第一个基于定点的研究报告称,与认知健康的对照组相比,主要纤维束的纤维密度和纤维束横断面都有所下降。然而,1)淀粉样蛋白和tau病理学是否与纤维密度或纤维束横截面有关,以及2)这种联系在合并SVD的散发性AD中是否有改变,仍然难以捉摸。最终,纤维密度和纤维束横截面描述和分解SVD和AD病理对同一患者体内白质完整性的影响的能力迄今尚未被探索。


为了满足对疾病特异性标志物的需求,藉此,巴塞尔大学的Marco Dueing团队的Anna Dewenter等手续评估:与年龄匹配的对照组相比,SVD和生物标志物证实的AD对主要白质纤维束的纤维密度和纤维束横截面的影响。其次,探索已确立的SVD MRI和AD PET成像特征与纤维密度和纤维束横截面的特定测量之间的关系。

他们共使用三个独立的样本(总人数=387)来解决这些问题,这些样本涵盖了遗传定义的SVD([CADASIL])和年龄匹配的对照组,具有完整的基于淀粉样蛋白和tau-PET的生物标志物特征的散发性AD,包括没有淀粉样蛋白和tau病理学的对照组,以及具有混合病理学的验证样本。

 

他们将传统的MRI标志物和PET数据与最先进的基于fixel的高级扩散MRI数据分析相结合。主要目标是使用基于fixel的指标来区分AD和SVD引起的白质损伤,为疾病特异性白质表征开辟道路,实现精准医疗。

具体来说,他们评估了这些最先进的fixel指标的能力,以区分脑小血管疾病和阿尔茨海默病对白质完整性的影响。该研究纳入了三个独立的样本(总人数=387),涵盖了遗传定义的脑小血管疾病和年龄匹配的对照组,生物标志物证实的阿尔茨海默病的全部范围,包括淀粉样蛋白和tau-PET阴性对照组和一个假定的混合病理的验证样本。

 

图2:论文结果图

在这个横断面分析中,他们对患者和对照组进行了分组比较,并评估了主要白质束内的fixel指标与脑小血管疾病(白质高浓体积、裂隙和脑微斑计数)和阿尔茨海默病(淀粉样蛋白和tau-PET)、年龄和神经退化的衡量标准(脑体积)之间的关联。

结果显示,i)纤维密度在CADASIL中降低,并与脑小血管疾病的成像标志密切相关;

ii)纤维束横截面主要与脑体积相关;

iii)纤维密度和纤维束横截面在淀粉样蛋白存在时都会降低,但不会因tau的异常沉积而进一步加剧。

Fixel指标与淀粉样蛋白和Tau-PET仅有微弱的关联。

这些结果表明,纤维密度能捕捉到脑小血管疾病的影响,而纤维束的横截面则主要由神经变性决定。基于fixel的成像标记物捕捉对白质完整性的不同影响的能力可以推动未来在精准医疗方面的应用。



原文出处:
Dewenter A, Jacob MA, Cai M, Gesierich B, Hager P, Kopczak A, Biel D, Ewers M, Tuladhar AM, de Leeuw FE, Dichgans M, Franzmeier N, Duering M; SVDs@target Consortium and Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). Disentangling the effects of Alzheimer's and small vessel disease on white matter fibre tracts. Brain. 2022 Jul 21:awac265. doi: 10.1093/brain/awac265. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35859352.

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    2022-07-27 neuro.Dr

    老年性痴呆,未来还是希望借助神经电生理吧,也许更为有效!

    0

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