刚刚,2020年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖揭晓!三位丙肝发现者获奖

2020-10-05 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

刚刚,诺贝尔生理学或医学奖揭晓。Harvey J. Alter, Michael Houghton 和 Charles M. Rice获得2020年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖,以表彰他们“发现了

刚刚,诺贝尔生理学或医学奖揭晓。Harvey J. Alter, Michael Houghton 和 Charles M. Rice获得2020年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖,以表彰他们“发现了丙型肝炎病毒”。由于他们的发现,如今可以对该病毒进行高度敏感的血检,并且基本上已经消除了的输血后肝炎,从而大大改善了全球健康状况。

相较于2019年,2020年诺贝尔奖获得者的奖金增至1000万瑞典克朗,约合760万元人民币。

获奖者贡献

Harvey J. Alter进行的输血相关性肝炎的研究表明,未知病毒是导致慢性肝炎的常见原因。

Michael Houghton使新策略来分离名为丙型肝炎病毒的新病毒基因组。

Charles M. Rice提供了最后证据,证明仅丙型肝炎病毒即可引起肝炎。

获奖者学术成果

Alter HJ, Holland PV, Purcell RH, Lander JJ, Feinstone SM, Morrow AG, Schmidt PJ. Posttransfusion hepatitis after exclusion of commercial and hepatitis-B antigen-positive donors. Ann Intern Med. 1972; 77:691-699.

Feinstone SM, Kapikian AZ, Purcell RH, Alter HJ, Holland PV. Transfusion-associated hepatitis not due to viral hepatitis type A or B. N Engl J Med. 1975; 292:767-770.

Alter HJ, Holland PV, Morrow AG, Purcell RH, Feinstone SM, Moritsugu Y. Clinical and serological analysis of transfusion-associated hepatitis. Lancet. 1975; 2:838-841.

Alter HJ, Purcell RH, Holland PV, Popper H. Transmissible agent in non-A, non-B hepatitis. Lancet. 1978; 1:459-463.

Choo QL, Kuo G, Weiner AJ, Overby LR, Bradley DW, Houghton M. Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome. Science. 1989; 244:359-362.

Kuo G., Choo QL, Alter HJ, Gitnick GL, Redeker AG, Purcell RH, Miyamura T, Dienstag JL, Alter CE, Stevens CE, Tegtmeier GE, Bonino F, Colombo M, Lee WS, Kuo C., Berger K, Shuster JR, Overby LR, Bradley DW, Houghton M. An assay for circulating antibodies to a major etiologic virus of human non-A, non-B hepatitis. Science. 1989; 244:362-364.

Kolykhalov AA, Agapov EV, Blight KJ, Mihalik K, Feinstone SM, Rice CM. Transmission of hepatitis C by intrahepatic inoculation with transcribed RNA. Science. 1997; 277:570-574.

链接:

张文宏解读2020年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖:我们跑赢过病毒性肝炎,相信这次也能跑赢新冠

百年诺贝尔生理或医学奖(1901-2020)

2020年疫情下的诺贝尔奖,让人类重新认知科学的重要性

小知识:丙肝病毒的历史与今生

1947年,英国肝脏病专家麦卡伦(F.O. MacCallum)通过分析得出结论:至少存在两类肝炎,一类经由粪便传播,称为A型肝炎(甲肝);另一类通过血液传播,称为B型肝炎(乙肝)。这一论断奠定了肝炎研究的基础和方向。

若想预防或治疗肝炎,首要一步是找到病原体。在麦卡伦得出关于肝炎的论断之后的十余年间,世界各地多家实验室研究人员进行了尝试,但均未成功。60年代中期,研究一度陷入僵局,大多研究者都不对肝炎前景持乐观态度。此时,一个的偶然发现改变了这一现状。之所以说偶然,是因为主人公的初衷并非研究肝炎。

巴鲁克·塞缪尔·布伦博格(Baruch Samuel Blumberg)是一位兼具医学和生物化学背景的科学家,他最初感兴趣的课题是不同人群患病差异背后的原因,为此从世界各地收集了大量血样标本。1963年,布伦博格筛选血样时意外发现一位血友病患者的血清(含抗体)可与一位澳大利亚原住民的血液发生抗原-抗体反应,从而将血液中的这种未知成分称为澳大利亚抗原(Australia antigen, Au),简称澳抗。

布伦博格最初认为澳抗是血友病标志物,进一步筛查发现大量乙肝患者血液澳抗也呈阳性,最终确定澳抗是乙肝病毒的成分,改名为乙肝病毒抗原,但“澳抗”一名仍沿用至今。布伦博格的发现为乙肝病毒的研究扫清了障碍,他也因这一发现分享了1976年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。1973年,美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)科学家在芬斯顿(Steven Feinstone)的领导下从囚犯粪便中鉴定出了甲肝病毒,至此,已知的两类肝炎病毒均已被发现。两种病毒的鉴定具有重要意义。首先是检测方法的建立,为减少病毒污染提供了保证,如1977年美国因乙肝病毒引起的肝炎的血液传播比例几乎降低为零;其次是疫苗开发成功,80年代前后,美国微生物学家希尔曼(Maurice Hilleman)先后研制出甲肝和乙肝疫苗,进一步强化了肝炎的预防成果。就在大家信心百倍,认为肝炎问题基本解决,以后可高枕无忧的时候,新问题出现了。

奥尔特(Harvey James Alter)是一位内科医生和病毒学家,和布伦博格一同参与澳抗发现,他于70年代加入NIH参与血库质控工作,以减少肝炎通过输血传染。然而,奥尔特在工作中发现,尽管去除了乙肝病毒,输血仍可导致很大比例的肝炎发生,对这些感染患者进行甲肝和乙肝病毒检测,结果也均为阴性,从而否定了病毒漏检。

1975年,奥尔特将这种新型肝炎命名为“非甲非乙肝炎” ,为慎重考虑并未直接称丙肝。奥尔特与他人合作借助黑猩猩进行实验,进一步证明了导致这种肝炎的病毒是一种新型病毒。新型肝炎的发现促使全世界科学家开始寻找病原体。最初乐观估计很快就可完成病毒鉴定,但一找就是十几年。

1987年,美国凯龙公司(Chiron Corporation)霍顿(Michael Houghton)小组和疾控中心布拉德利(Daniel W. Bradley)合作采用分子克隆的方法发现了一种新型病毒。1988年,奥尔特团队证实这种新型病毒存在于非甲非乙肝炎患者的血样品中。

1989年美国科学家迈克尔·侯顿(Michael Houghton)和他的同事们利用一种新的技术手段——分子生物学方法,终于找到了病毒的基因序列,克隆出了丙肝病毒,并命名本病及其病毒为丙型肝炎 (Hepatitis C)和丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)。由于HCV基因组在结构和表型特征上与人黄病毒和瘟病毒相类似,将其归为黄病毒科HCV。

HCV的发现是丙肝研究史上第一次突破,不久就建立了HCV病毒检测方法,最大程度地避免了疾病的传染。1990年,血库开启常规丙肝测试,1992年进一步启用高灵敏检测方法,从而使HCV基本从血库中消除,减少了丙肝通过输血传播。

几位科学家也因这一贡献而获得了科学界的诸多奖励(图1)。2000年,奥尔特和霍顿分享了著名的美国拉斯克临床医学奖;2013年,奥尔特和布拉德利分享了加拿大盖尔德纳国际奖(霍顿本人拒绝)。

图1. 三位著名HCV发现者(图片来自拉斯克奖和加德纳奖网站)

HCV病毒的发现虽可减少传染机会,但并未从根本上消除丙肝,而疫苗和药物的开发才是根本,若想解决这些问题首先需对这一新型病毒有全面的了解。

美国著名病毒学家莱斯(Charles Rice),90年代初着手研究HCV的基本特征和生存模式。初期,莱斯小组发现HCV难以在黑猩猩肝细胞中增殖的原因在于其基因组部分特殊结构未被完全认识,经过弥补这些缺陷,他们最终于1997年首先在黑猩猩体内实现了HCV的大规模制备,为认识这种新型病毒打开了一扇大门。然而,由于黑猩猩饲养和费用等诸多问题,不适宜做大规模研究,因此很有必要开发更为简易的HCV培养系统。

巴特斯切勒(Ralf Bartenschlager)是德国海德堡大学的病毒学家,他与学生洛曼(Volker Lohmann)对HCV也有着浓厚的兴趣。洛曼对建立HCV培养系统信心满满,冒着无法正常毕业的风险选择了该研究课题,颇有“破釜沉舟”的气势。经过多次尝试,最终于1999年在莱斯发现的基础上开发出了一种可在人肝癌细胞内进行繁殖的HCV体外培养系统,极大地简化了实验操作。由于可从体外培养的肝癌细胞中快速获取大量HCV,因此,极大地推动了HCV的各项研究。

借助体外培养技术,科学家对HCV病毒特征、生活周期、致命弱点(可作为药物治疗的靶点)有了清晰的认识,为接下来的疫苗开发和药物研制奠定了坚实基础。莱斯和巴特斯切勒也由于这一贡献而分享了2016年美国拉斯克临床医学奖(图2)。

图2. HCV体外培养建立者(图片来自拉斯克奖网站)

丙肝全球感染人数超1.8亿

丙型病毒性肝炎,简称为丙型肝炎、丙肝,是一种由丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染引起的病毒性肝炎,主要经输血、针刺、吸毒等传播,据世界卫生组织统计,全球HCV的感染率约为3%,估计约1.8亿人感染了HCV,每年新发丙型肝炎病例约3.5万例。丙型肝炎呈全球性流行,可导致肝脏慢性炎症坏死和纤维化,部分患者可发展为肝硬化甚至肝细胞癌(HCC)。未来20年内与HCV感染相关的死亡率(肝衰竭及肝细胞癌导致的死亡)将继续增加,对患者的健康和生命危害极大,已成为严重的社会和公共卫生问题。

HCV感染的发病机制主要包括免疫介导和HCV直接损伤两种,病毒因素包括病毒的基因型、复制能力、病毒多肽的免疫原性等;宿主因素包括人体的先天性免疫反应、体液免疫和细胞免疫反应等。饮酒、免疫抑制剂的使用等因素对HCV的感染病程也有影响。

攻克丙肝路漫漫

疫苗研发被认为是解决HCV的基本问题,遗憾的是HCV高度可变,这为疫苗开发带来了巨大挑战。三十年的研究历程说明丙肝疫苗研究的难度巨大,也因丙肝疫苗至今尚未开发成功,与HIV疫苗、流感病毒疫苗一起,被当做疫苗开发失败的三大典型。

疫苗开发失败不得不促使科研人员尝试治疗药物的研发,但道路同样充满荆棘。丙肝治疗早在HCV鉴定前就已开始,80年代中期应用α-干扰素治疗取得了一定效果,1992年,FDA正式批准α-干扰素应用于丙肝治疗;1998年,FDA进一步批准α-干扰素联合病毒唑(利巴韦林)治疗丙肝。这种治疗方案存在诸多问题,如治愈率低、易复发、耐药性大、副作用多等。尽管存在这些不足,但在 “无药”可用的状况下,作为权宜之计采用,并成为随后二十余年标准的治疗模式,直到新药诞生。

1998年,美国埃默里大学(Emory University)两位科学家沙尼兹(Raymond schanizi)和莱奥塔(Dennis Liotta)成立了一家小型制药公司——法玛赛特(Pharmasset),致力于抗病毒药物的开发,丙肝药物属于重要组成部分。

图3. 索非布韦抑制丙肝病毒作用原理

对HCV而言,其致病机理并不复杂,那就是永不停息地繁殖。对亲代HCV而言,繁殖的关键一步在于给子代病毒制备出一套遗传物质(RNA),RNA的制造需四种原料,分别为ATP、GTP、CTP和UTP,然后在一种被称为RNA聚合酶的帮助下完成。如能找到一种理想的原料类似物,该物质在HCV制造下一代RNA时“蒙骗”过RNA聚合酶并“以假乱真”地代替正常原料掺入,一旦操作成功则可导致RNA制造的失败,HCV就丧失繁殖能力,好似“绝育”一般,疾病自然得以治疗。这一策略可称为“移花接木”,开发出的药物被称为核苷酸类似物。这在药物研究史上不乏先例,如1987年第一个被批准用于艾滋病治疗的叠氮胸苷(AZT),又名齐多夫定,就是一种核苷酸类似物。

为此,Pharmasset开始借助HCV体外培养系统筛选具有抑制HCV的RNA制造作用的核苷酸类似物,将这些候选物统称Pharmasset小分子抑制剂(Pharmasset small inhibitor, PSI),并对不同化合物进行编号。在化学家克拉克(Jeremy Clark)的带领下,最终筛到PSI-6130,该物质可在肝细胞内转换为一种和UTP非常相似的化合物(相似到傻傻分不清楚),最终达到抑制HCV繁殖的目的(图3)。Pharmasset公司随后在动物模型上进行测试,效果出奇理想,几乎完全抑制了HCV的繁殖,并几无副作用。

这一喜人成绩自然促使Pharmasset开展Ⅰ期临床,但这次结果却令人沮丧。口服后的PSI-6130很大比例在肠道内被代谢失活,无法进入人体发挥疗效,从而意味着PSI-6130没有临床实用价值。眼看这一“完美”化合物就要胎死腹中,关键时刻一位科学家的加入挽救了PSI-6130的命运。

斩获成功

索非亚(Michael Sofia)拥有雄厚的化学背景,这是他最终取得成功的关键。1980年,索非亚获得康奈尔大学化学学士学位;1984年又获得伊利诺伊大学香槟分校有机化学博士学位,主要研究丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂设计、合成及作用机制,为将来药物研发奠定了基础。索非亚一直对药物研发充满兴趣,随后职业生涯也主要在公司度过。1986年开始,索非亚先后在礼来公司、百时美施贵宝公司等开展新药研究,参与了降低胆固醇、治疗哮喘相关炎症等药物的开发过程,这些丰厚的履历为下一步的成功提供了保证。

2005年,索非亚离开百时美施贵宝,加入了成立不到十年的小公司Pharmasset。这次决定在外人看来有些不解,但索非亚却对将来充满信心。索非亚觉得大公司在药物研发方面过于死板,不适合创新,反而一些小公司“船小好调头”,更适于新药研发。当然,这也冒着极大的风险,但高风险往往会带来高回报,为激发自己潜能,索非亚义不容辞地辞掉了令人羡慕的大公司工作。后续发展表明这一抉择无比正确。

索非亚首先对公司新药研发的状况进行了全面的了解,对暂时“陷入困境”的PSI-6130产生了浓厚的兴趣。经过细致入微地分析后得出结论:PSI-6130很值得“抢救”。在索非亚眼中,PSI-6130是一个好的候选药,但结构存在问题,最大的问题在于无法有效地到达指定部位(受HCV感染的肝细胞),因此只要对其结构进行修饰,能顺利通过药物吸收和运输过程的重重关卡即可。

索非亚随后启动PSI-6130升级计划,制造出了一系列PSI-6130的修饰物,并试图从中筛选出更加完美的化合物。经过两年努力,最终于2007年发现了PSI-7977。临床试验显示PSI-7977具有理想的吸收效果,并且能在肝脏中代谢出PSI-6130以发挥疗效。进一步大规模临床实验发现,PSI-7977联合干扰素和病毒唑,或只联合病毒唑进行12周治疗,丙肝患者可达到治愈效果,如此神奇效果几乎令人难以置信,毕竟艾滋病等抗病毒治疗只能控制病情而无法治愈。

2013年12月6日,美国FDA正式批准PSI-7977联合病毒唑用于丙型肝炎的治疗,摈弃了干扰素是一个巨大进步。为纪念索非亚在PSI-7977开发过程中的重要贡献,而将该分子重新命名为索非布韦(sofosbuvir)(图4),商品名索华迪(Sovaldi),目前更多翻译为索磷布韦。索非亚也因为这一重大贡献分享了2016年美国拉斯克临床医学奖。

图4. 索非亚和索磷布韦(图片来自拉斯克奖网站)

索非布韦,又称索非布韦一代,索磷布韦,索华迪,是世界首款口服治愈丙肝的药品。索非布韦是跨时代治疗丙肝的新药,丙肝治愈率高达 90%以上。目前更多称为索磷布韦。

意义巨大,丙肝终被人类攻克

著名制造公司吉利德(Gilead)敏锐地抓住了商机,于2011年11月以112亿美元收购了Pharmasset,索磷布韦顺理成章地成为吉利德公司的主打药物。索磷布韦的销售为吉利德公司带来滚滚财源。2014年第一季度索磷布韦销售额就超过了20亿美元,而全年的销售额更是高达100亿美元。吉利德乘胜追击,在索磷布韦的基础上开发出了一系列丙肝治疗组合药,从而达到了进一步提升治疗效果的目的,分别被称为吉一代,吉二代和吉三代,吉三代对于丙肝患者不同的基因型而言,治愈率均已超过98%。

吉三代(商品名:Velpanat ikurusha,化学名:sofospevuir Velpatasvir sofibvedatavir),在国内称为丙通沙。丙通沙每盒28片,推荐剂量为每日一次,每次口服一片,3盒一疗程,连续使用12周治愈率达99%。

2018年吉三代丙通沙(通用名:索磷布韦维帕他韦片)在我国上市,用于治疗基因型1-6、混合型及未知型慢性HCV的成人感染者,也是中国首个泛基因HCV单一片剂。该药的上市也标志着中国丙肝治疗与世界接轨,进入新的时代。

丙通沙活性成分索磷布韦与维帕他韦均具有泛基因型抗病毒活性,治愈率不受基因型影响,且对中国基因1、2、6型丙肝患者治愈率达100%。丙通沙不含蛋白酶抑制剂,因此,药物安全性好,药物相互作用较小;不论肝纤维化程度及肝硬化与否,治愈率高,安全性好。2018 WHO指南推荐首选丙通沙治疗成人慢性HCV感染,欧洲肝脏研究学会(EASL)指南及美国肝病学会(AASLD)指南均推荐泛基因型方案丙通沙治疗成人基因1-6型慢性HCV感染。

索非布韦的推出无疑为众多丙肝患者带来了福音。丙肝死亡人数在美国曾一度超越艾滋病死亡人数,12周用药(每天1片索非布韦及其他联合药)就可实现丙肝的治愈,使这种长期无疫苗可用、无特效药物治疗的疾病从根本上得以解决。因为部分丙肝患者可进一步发展为肝硬化和肝癌,所以索非布韦在一定程度上也可看作肝癌预防药。

参考资料

[1] 郭晓强.乙肝澳抗发现者———巴鲁克·塞缪尔·布伦博格.自然杂志,2012,34(5):308-310.

[2] Alter HJ, Houghton M. Clinical Medical Research Award. Hepatitis C virus and eliminating post-transfusion hepatitis. Nat Med, 2000, 6(10):1082-1086.

[3] Williams CL. Ralf Bartenschlager, Charles Rice, and Michael Sofia are honored with the 2016 Lasker~DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award. J Clin Invest, 2016, 126(10):3639-3644.

[4] Palese P. Profile of Charles M. Rice, Ralf F. W. Bartenschlager, and Michael J. Sofia, 2016 Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Awardees. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2016, 113(49):13934-13937.

[5] Vilarinho S, Lifton RP. Pioneering a Global Cure for Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Cell, 2016, 167(1):12-15.

[6] Bartenschlager RF, Rice CM, Sofia MJ. Hepatitis C Virus-From Discovery to Cure: The 2016 Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award. JAMA, 2016, 316(12):1254-1255.

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topicName=生理学)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=仁心济世, createdTime=Mon Aug 16 04:58:34 CST 2021, time=2021-08-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1942363, encodeId=aa9a194236332, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=17c791954bf' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诺贝尔生理学#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91954, encryptionId=17c791954bf, topicName=诺贝尔生理学)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=845e216, createdName=cqlidoudou, createdTime=Thu May 13 12:58:34 CST 2021, time=2021-05-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1764008, encodeId=b64f1e64008f6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ecf88800939' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#获奖#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=88009, encryptionId=ecf88800939, topicName=获奖)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9d5937606588, createdName=若水135, createdTime=Sun Dec 20 04:58:34 CST 2020, time=2020-12-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1537396, encodeId=5f6c153e39679, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=47e09195633' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诺贝尔生理学或医学奖#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91956, encryptionId=47e09195633, topicName=诺贝尔生理学或医学奖)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4dfa37, createdName=智者为医08, createdTime=Wed Oct 07 08:58:34 CST 2020, time=2020-10-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), 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target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#马斯克#</a>等这样的奇人!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=245, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=57599, encryptionId=5e625e59918, topicName=教育), TopicDto(id=101460, encryptionId=6b2b1014608c, topicName=马斯克)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Mon Oct 05 18:59:49 CST 2020, time=2020-10-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=890259, encodeId=c1c689025994, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=67d89194e78' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诺贝尔奖#</a>这三位共发表了3篇Science,2篇柳叶刀,1篇新英格兰,1篇内科学年鉴,看来想获诺奖,大概率还是要好文章,象屠奶奶这种发烂期刊也能获诺奖的,毕竟是小概率事件!牛不牛,不是嘴上说的,要看顶级期刊上论证的! 今年<a href='/topic/show?id=d14f2092446' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#丙肝#</a>发现者获奖,也是实至名归,丙肝是人类成功治愈的病毒范本,接下来看<a 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  4. 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target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#马斯克#</a>等这样的奇人!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=245, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=57599, encryptionId=5e625e59918, topicName=教育), TopicDto(id=101460, encryptionId=6b2b1014608c, topicName=马斯克)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Mon Oct 05 18:59:49 CST 2020, time=2020-10-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=890259, encodeId=c1c689025994, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=67d89194e78' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诺贝尔奖#</a>这三位共发表了3篇Science,2篇柳叶刀,1篇新英格兰,1篇内科学年鉴,看来想获诺奖,大概率还是要好文章,象屠奶奶这种发烂期刊也能获诺奖的,毕竟是小概率事件!牛不牛,不是嘴上说的,要看顶级期刊上论证的! 今年<a href='/topic/show?id=d14f2092446' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#丙肝#</a>发现者获奖,也是实至名归,丙肝是人类成功治愈的病毒范本,接下来看<a 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  5. 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target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#马斯克#</a>等这样的奇人!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=245, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=57599, encryptionId=5e625e59918, topicName=教育), TopicDto(id=101460, encryptionId=6b2b1014608c, topicName=马斯克)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Mon Oct 05 18:59:49 CST 2020, time=2020-10-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=890259, encodeId=c1c689025994, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=67d89194e78' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诺贝尔奖#</a>这三位共发表了3篇Science,2篇柳叶刀,1篇新英格兰,1篇内科学年鉴,看来想获诺奖,大概率还是要好文章,象屠奶奶这种发烂期刊也能获诺奖的,毕竟是小概率事件!牛不牛,不是嘴上说的,要看顶级期刊上论证的! 今年<a href='/topic/show?id=d14f2092446' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#丙肝#</a>发现者获奖,也是实至名归,丙肝是人类成功治愈的病毒范本,接下来看<a 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  6. 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GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1543524, encodeId=c493154352433, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=274e340e5fd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#医学奖#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=34075, encryptionId=274e340e5fd, topicName=医学奖)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=250d13588803, createdName=斯嘉莉, createdTime=Wed Oct 07 08:58:34 CST 2020, time=2020-10-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=890261, encodeId=6098890261f9, content=诺奖,完全在于原创创新,目前在医学领域,我国原创的仍然还是太少太少,更多的是跟随,很少是0到1的发现,更多的是1到2的发现。这种根本性的发现,需要有创造性思维,我们国家要批量出这样的人才,需要改革的是<a href='/topic/show?id=5e625e59918' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#教育#</a>机制!教育决定和思维方式和工作方式,欧美的教育方式,造就了80%的普通人,19%的聪明人和1%的顶尖人才,我国的教育机制是造就了20%能人和80%的普通人。我们的普通人,无论是知识体系,还是工作能力,其实都不比西方差,但是,1%的人,与西方差距是极大的。至少在短期内,国内还很难出现象<a href='/topic/show?id=6b2b1014608c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#马斯克#</a>等这样的奇人!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=245, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=57599, encryptionId=5e625e59918, topicName=教育), TopicDto(id=101460, encryptionId=6b2b1014608c, topicName=马斯克)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Mon Oct 05 18:59:49 CST 2020, time=2020-10-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=890259, encodeId=c1c689025994, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=67d89194e78' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诺贝尔奖#</a>这三位共发表了3篇Science,2篇柳叶刀,1篇新英格兰,1篇内科学年鉴,看来想获诺奖,大概率还是要好文章,象屠奶奶这种发烂期刊也能获诺奖的,毕竟是小概率事件!牛不牛,不是嘴上说的,要看顶级期刊上论证的! 今年<a href='/topic/show?id=d14f2092446' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#丙肝#</a>发现者获奖,也是实至名归,丙肝是人类成功治愈的病毒范本,接下来看<a href='/topic/show?id=a48786e89c1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#艾滋病#</a>病毒HIV了,快接近被治愈了,然后就是<a href='/topic/show?id=cf292341925' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#乙肝#</a>病毒(是个难搞定的)。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=274, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91947, encryptionId=67d89194e78, topicName=诺贝尔奖), TopicDto(id=20924, encryptionId=d14f2092446, topicName=丙肝), TopicDto(id=86789, encryptionId=a48786e89c1, topicName=艾滋病), TopicDto(id=23419, encryptionId=cf292341925, topicName=乙肝)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Mon Oct 05 18:54:50 CST 2020, time=2020-10-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-12-20 若水135
  7. 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target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#马斯克#</a>等这样的奇人!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=245, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=57599, encryptionId=5e625e59918, topicName=教育), TopicDto(id=101460, encryptionId=6b2b1014608c, topicName=马斯克)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Mon Oct 05 18:59:49 CST 2020, time=2020-10-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=890259, encodeId=c1c689025994, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=67d89194e78' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诺贝尔奖#</a>这三位共发表了3篇Science,2篇柳叶刀,1篇新英格兰,1篇内科学年鉴,看来想获诺奖,大概率还是要好文章,象屠奶奶这种发烂期刊也能获诺奖的,毕竟是小概率事件!牛不牛,不是嘴上说的,要看顶级期刊上论证的! 今年<a href='/topic/show?id=d14f2092446' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#丙肝#</a>发现者获奖,也是实至名归,丙肝是人类成功治愈的病毒范本,接下来看<a 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  8. 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  9. 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href='/topic/show?id=a48786e89c1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#艾滋病#</a>病毒HIV了,快接近被治愈了,然后就是<a href='/topic/show?id=cf292341925' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#乙肝#</a>病毒(是个难搞定的)。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=274, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91947, encryptionId=67d89194e78, topicName=诺贝尔奖), TopicDto(id=20924, encryptionId=d14f2092446, topicName=丙肝), TopicDto(id=86789, encryptionId=a48786e89c1, topicName=艾滋病), TopicDto(id=23419, encryptionId=cf292341925, topicName=乙肝)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Mon Oct 05 18:54:50 CST 2020, time=2020-10-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-10-05 lovetcm

    诺奖,完全在于原创创新,目前在医学领域,我国原创的仍然还是太少太少,更多的是跟随,很少是0到1的发现,更多的是1到2的发现。这种根本性的发现,需要有创造性思维,我们国家要批量出这样的人才,需要改革的是#教育#机制!教育决定和思维方式和工作方式,欧美的教育方式,造就了80%的普通人,19%的聪明人和1%的顶尖人才,我国的教育机制是造就了20%能人和80%的普通人。我们的普通人,无论是知识体系,还是工作能力,其实都不比西方差,但是,1%的人,与西方差距是极大的。至少在短期内,国内还很难出现象#马斯克#等这样的奇人!

    0

  10. 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target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#获奖#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=88009, encryptionId=ecf88800939, topicName=获奖)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9d5937606588, createdName=若水135, createdTime=Sun Dec 20 04:58:34 CST 2020, time=2020-12-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1537396, encodeId=5f6c153e39679, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=47e09195633' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诺贝尔生理学或医学奖#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91956, encryptionId=47e09195633, topicName=诺贝尔生理学或医学奖)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4dfa37, createdName=智者为医08, createdTime=Wed Oct 07 08:58:34 CST 2020, time=2020-10-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), 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target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#马斯克#</a>等这样的奇人!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=245, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=57599, encryptionId=5e625e59918, topicName=教育), TopicDto(id=101460, encryptionId=6b2b1014608c, topicName=马斯克)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Mon Oct 05 18:59:49 CST 2020, time=2020-10-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=890259, encodeId=c1c689025994, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=67d89194e78' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诺贝尔奖#</a>这三位共发表了3篇Science,2篇柳叶刀,1篇新英格兰,1篇内科学年鉴,看来想获诺奖,大概率还是要好文章,象屠奶奶这种发烂期刊也能获诺奖的,毕竟是小概率事件!牛不牛,不是嘴上说的,要看顶级期刊上论证的! 今年<a href='/topic/show?id=d14f2092446' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#丙肝#</a>发现者获奖,也是实至名归,丙肝是人类成功治愈的病毒范本,接下来看<a 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    2020-10-05 lovetcm

    #诺贝尔奖#这三位共发表了3篇Science,2篇柳叶刀,1篇新英格兰,1篇内科学年鉴,看来想获诺奖,大概率还是要好文章,象屠奶奶这种发烂期刊也能获诺奖的,毕竟是小概率事件!牛不牛,不是嘴上说的,要看顶级期刊上论证的! 今年#丙肝#发现者获奖,也是实至名归,丙肝是人类成功治愈的病毒范本,接下来看#艾滋病#病毒HIV了,快接近被治愈了,然后就是#乙肝#病毒(是个难搞定的)。

    0

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