“小神药”腺苷虽好,但要注意这些问题!

2018-06-16 何金山 医学界心血管频道

腺苷也算是心内科的“小神药”之一,有室上速的地方,就有它的身影,被腺苷终止的室上速,可能和被硝酸甘油缓解的胸痛一样多。

腺苷也算是心内科的“小神药”之一,有室上速的地方,就有它的身影,被腺苷终止的室上速,可能和被硝酸甘油缓解的胸痛一样多。

1.来,一起深入了解小神药“腺苷”

腺苷,全称腺嘌呤核苷酸,在体内的来源主要有两个:

ATP(三磷酸腺苷,没错,就是那个能量满满的ATP)脱磷酸后转化为ADP,再脱磷酸转化为ADP,再脱磷酸转化为AMP,脱掉全部的磷酸后即转化成了腺苷,腺苷就是ATP一脱再脱的结果。

另外一个来源是体内的S腺苷同型半胱氨酸在酶的分解作用下,转化成腺苷和同型半胱氨酸。而体内的腺苷,多数会把脱去的磷酸一个个再“捡”回来,转化为AMP、ADP及ATP,进入一个逆向的循环,所谓从哪里来,又回到哪里去。少部分的腺苷,会分解成黄嘌呤和次黄嘌呤,最终转化为尿酸。

腺苷的作用通过和腺苷受体结合而完成,体内主要存在3种腺苷受体,腺苷的电生理效应,主要和A1受体有关,包括降低窦房结自律性、抑制房室结的传导等。A2型受体主要和血管扩张有关,应用腺苷后导致的胸闷、面部潮红等即和此相关。A3型受体和腺苷诱发哮喘有关,这也是腺苷应用的禁忌之一。

腺苷和A1受体结合后,会抑制cAMP、G蛋白和儿茶酚胺,促进K+外流,抑制Ca2+内流,从而起到降低窦房结自律性,抑制窦房传导,缩短心房动作电位时程,引起房室传导阻滞等一系列的作用。由于腺苷对cAMP、G蛋白等有着明显的抑制作用,这些因子和触发活动有着密切的联系,而某些特发性室速机制恰好为触发活动,因而腺苷也可终止部分室速。

当然,由于腺苷对房室结的强烈而明确的作用,其最为著名的还是终止房室结依赖的室上性心动过速。对于房速或者房扑,腺苷即使不能终止其发作,但可减少房室传导,显露P波或F波,协助明确诊断

2.那么,如何使用呢?

腺苷之所以成为“神药”,不单是其能够终止室上速,也因为其起作用很快,腺苷在人体内的半衰期只有10s左右,静推时需要在5s完成,采用团注式的方式,“怎一个快字了得”,静推过腺苷后,多数的室上速可在30s内终止,效果立竿见影。更为重要的,这个药物,即使在孕妇这类特殊人群中,也能应用。

腺苷可按照0.1-0.25 mg/kg的方式给药,但临床更多选择从小剂量开始——6mg,如不能终止,1分钟后改为12mg,如仍不能终止,增加至18mg,合并高度房室传导阻滞后,不建议继续追加腺苷的剂量。

腺苷保存困难,目前很多医院应用的是ATP,ATP用法和腺苷类似,10mgATP作用和6mg腺苷相当。

3.神药虽好,也要格外注意!

腺苷虽好,硬起来却要格外当心,10s左右的半衰期内,发生的可是“天翻地覆”的变化。

备好除颤器和临时起搏器:备好除颤器和起搏,备好除颤器和起搏,重要的事情说3遍,腺苷终止室上速用的就是它对房室结的抑制作用,但腺苷对窦房结和房室结同时具有抑制作用,而且谁能保证火候拿捏的那么准确,不会产生过多的抑制作用呢,万一对窦房结和房室结的抑制作用过强,势必会产生心室停搏,这在临床并不少见,因而做好起搏和除颤的准备,是保证患者应用腺苷生命安全的关键。

面部潮红、胸闷、呼吸困难:这主要和腺苷的扩血管作用以及引起短暂的支气管收缩有关,多数在30s内自行缓解,做好解释和安慰的工作即可。

活动性哮喘患者禁用:腺苷除了作用在A1受体外,还可作用于A3受体,引起及加重哮喘,因而活动性哮喘患者,禁用腺苷。

严重主动脉瓣狭窄、主动脉瓣反流和低血压的患者慎用:腺苷具有强烈的扩血管作用,对于静脉的明显扩张作用,可导致回心血量明显减少,在严重主动脉瓣狭窄及反流的患者中,可影响到冠脉的关注,使心脏供血不足,在严重低血压患者中,可导致血压进一步降低,甚至导致休克,因而在这些患者中,腺苷应用需格外慎重。

了解腺苷的这些事,

希望我们都能成为驾驭这个“小神药”的能手!

原始出处:

1.Headrick JP, AshtonKJ, Rose’meyer RB, Peart JN. Cardiovascular adenosinereceptors: expression, actions and interactions. Pharmacol Ther. 2013;140:92–111.

2. Lerman BB,Belardinelli L. Cardiac electrophysiology of adenosine. Basic and clinicalconcepts. Circulation. 1991;83:1499–1509.

3.  Cheung JW, IpJE, Yarlagadda RK, Liu CF, Thomas G, Xu L, Wilkes D, Markowitz SM, Lerman BB.Adenosine-insensitive right ventricular tachycardia: novel variant ofidiopathic outflow tract tachycardia. Heart Rhythm. 2014;11:1770–1778.

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    2018-06-17 kafei

    了解下谢谢

    0

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    2018-06-17 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    了解了解.学习学习

    0

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    2018-06-17 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献学习了

    0

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    2018-06-17 明月清辉

    谢谢分享.学习了

    0

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    2018-06-17 飛歌

    厉害了我的哥

    0

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    2018-06-17 yjs木玉

    好好好好好好好好

    0

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