卒中风险评估量表那么多,应该选哪个?

2021-08-09 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

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卒中发病率高、复发率高、致死致残率高、疾病负担重,已跃升为我国国民死因首位。早期预防是减少脑卒中疾病负担的最佳途径,风险评估是识别脑卒中发生、复发的高危人群,明确预防终点的有效工具,对脑卒中一,二级预防具有重要意义。

脑卒中的危险因素及防治

脑卒中是由生活方式、环境、遗传等多种因素共同导致的疾病。大量临床研究和实践证明,脑卒中可防可治。早期积极控制脑卒中危险因素及规范化开展脑卒中治疗,可有效降低脑卒中的发病率、复发率、致残率及死亡率,并改善脑卒中的预后。

脑卒中的危险因素分为不可干预性和可干预性两类。不可干预性危险因素包括年龄、种族、遗传因素等,可干预性危险因素是脑卒中一级预防的主要内容,包括高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常、心脏病、吸烟、酒精摄入、饮食、超重或肥胖、运动缺乏、心理因素等。脑卒中可防可治,一级预防是降低脑卒中发病率的根本措施。

快速识别脑卒中

中风120”是一种适用于国内的迅速识别脑卒中和即刻行动的策略:

“1”代表看到1张不对称的脸

“2”代表查两只手臂是否有单侧无力

“0”代表聆(零)听讲话是否清晰

如果通过这三步观察怀疑患者是中风,可立刻拨打急救电话120

当然,国内外已有了一些缺血性脑卒中发生及复发风险的评估工具,但面对多种工具临床应该怎样选用尚缺乏规范化的推荐意见。针对这一问题,我国专家全面查阅国内外文献、多次反复讨论后对常用风险评估工具的选择达成共识推荐意见,以便于临床应用。

缺血性脑卒中一级预防风险评估量表

1,改良的弗明汉卒中量表(Framingham Stroke Profile是最早提出并得以广 泛应用的简易卒中风险评估工具,用来预测未来10年卒中发病风险。2011年美国卒中一级预防指南建议对每一例具有卒中危险因素暴 露的个体使用风险评估量表(如改良的弗明汉卒中 量表)进行卒中风险评估。

2,汇集队列方程(Pooled Cohort Equations是汇集队列方程运用在线计算器或手机软件 评估个体未来10年动脉粥样硬化性血管疾病 ASCVD)发生风险(致死性及非致死性心血管疾病及脑卒中)。2014年美国胆固醇治疗指南推荐可使用该工具评估未来10年ASCVD发生风险,用于指导他汀治疗的启动时机及治疗强度。类似:中国人缺血性心血管疾病10年发病危险度评估

3,卒中风险计算器(Stroke Riskometer是卒中风险计算器由新西兰AUT大学的学者于2014年提出,可利用手机软件进行操作,用于预测 20岁以上人群的5年及10年卒中发生风险,同时兼具卒中教育功能。

4CHADS2量表是目前应用最为广泛的预测非瓣膜性心房颤动患者发生缺血性卒中风险的评分量表。2006ACCAHAESC心房颤动指南及 2011ACCFAHAHRS心房颤动指南等建议使用CHADS2量表评分对非瓣膜性心房颤动患者的卒中风险进行分层。

在线使用:心房纤颤卒中风险的CHADS2评分

我国专家共识推荐意见为:

(1)建议选择改良的弗明汉卒中量表、汇集队列方程、卒中风险计算器等任一种工具进 行脑卒中发生风险的评估。

(2)推荐非瓣膜性心房 颤动患者应用CHADS2或CHA2DS2一VASc量表评估缺血性卒中发生风险。CHA2DS2一VASc量表较 CHADS2量表更有利于识别真正低危患者。

(3)推荐使用HAS-BLED出血风险评分评估心房颤动患者抗凝治 疗的出血风险。(4)应进一步建立和完善适合国人 的缺血性脑卒中一级预防风险评估工具。

缺血性脑卒中及短暂性脑缺血发作 TIA)二级预防风险评估量表

缺血性脑卒中及TIA后卒中复发风险高,早期识别高危患者有助于尽早开展卒中二级预防。常用的复发风险评估工具包括ABCD评分系统、 Essen量表卒中预测工具-Ⅱ

1ABCD评分系统总分为6分,用于预测TIA7天内卒中的风险。另外,有研究者该量表基础上增加TIA病史,提出ABCD3评分法,较ABCD2评分法预测价值更高;此后又加入同侧颈动脉狭窄≥50%DWI上出现高信号,提出ABCD3-I评分法,但该评分法对影像要求较高。

2Essen量表是一个简便、易于临 床操作的9分量表,该量表来源于氯吡格雷与阿司 匹林对比用于缺血事件高危患者的国际多中心随机双盲试验。

3SPI-I量表1991年提出的用以评估卒中患者的长期复发风险,2000年在原量表基础上调整了各风险因素的赋分权重,并增加了充血性心力衰竭及脑卒中病史两个危险因素,提出了SPI-II量表。

我国专家共识推荐意见为:

(1)推荐使用ABCD2评分法或 ABCD3一I评分法对TIA患者进行卒中风险评估;由 于较高的影像要求,ABCD3一I评分法更适用于院内 神经专科医师对TIA患者的危险分层。

(2)推荐临床应用Essen量表或SPI.1I量表评估缺血性卒中患 者长期复发风险,但二者的预测作用有限。

(3)应 进一步建立和完善适合国人的缺血性脑卒中/TIA 二级预防风险评估量表。

参考文献

1,中华医学会神经病学分会 中华医学会神经病学分会脑血管病学组.中国缺血性脑卒中风险评估量表 使用专家共识.中华神经科杂志.20167

2,国家卫生健康委疾控局《健康中国行动(2019-2030年)》http://www.nhc.gov.cn/jkj/pqt/202010/b556235147354f4ea4800f30169f5204.shtml

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    2021-08-09 孤山

    学习了

    0

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    2021-08-09 452946589

    学习了

    0

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    2021-08-09 健健

    卒中虽然是临床上常见病,溶栓,取栓等血管内治疗也很成熟,但是仍然有很多未知问题有待认知!

    0

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    2021-08-09 guging

    中风是俗称,应该称为缺血性卒中吧

    0

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