钟南山:中国在新冠时代重新开放的五点建议

2022-04-19 王雨丹 编译 知识分子

中国如何有序、有效地重新开放?| 图源:pixabay.com

中国如何有序、有效地重新开放?| 图源:pixabay.com

编译 | 王雨丹

《国家科技评论》(National Science Review, NSR)是科学出版社旗下期刊,与牛津大学出版社联合出版。NSR在2022年4月6日在线刊登了一篇由钟南山院士和他曾担任首任主任的呼吸疾病国家重点实验室(SKLRD)副研究员关伟杰共同署名的文章,英文原文标题为《中国在未来新冠时代的重新开放策略》(Strategies for reopening in the forthcoming COVID-19 era in China),以下是文章全文翻译:

新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)是2019年开始的新冠疫情的罪魁祸首,它的传播已经导致全球超过4.3亿例感染和600万人死亡。与其他现有的变异毒株相比,奥密克戎(Omicron)变异株具有更强的传染性(R0≈6)、更强的上呼吸道感染力和更低的致病性 [1]。奥密克戎变异株的这些特点是一些发达国家考虑重新开放的基础。

在新冠疫情时代,世界各地都采取了不同的政策。以社区为基础的动态清零政策(dynamic zeroing policy)在减少中国大陆确诊病例和死亡人数方面发挥了关键作用。疫苗接种的迅速推广以及群体免疫,是一些发达国家 “全面开放”(total opening)的基本要素。然而,这并不一定能证明中国大陆迅速全面开放是合理的。与季节性流感相比,奥密克戎具有更高的死亡风险,并可能导致社会不稳定和其他具有更强传染性的变异株的出现。

为了保持有效的疫情防控,中国采取了动态清零策略。但是,中国需要重新开放,以使社会经济发展正常化并适应全球重新开放。长远来看,长期的动态清零是不可能实现的。关于中国如何有序、有效地重新开放,我们有几条建议。

首先,在全国范围内实施疫苗接种是实现群体免疫的关键。

截至2022年2月28日,中国已有87.64%的人口接种了至少两剂新冠疫苗,40.32%的人口完成了第三剂加强针的接种。然而,中国大陆70岁以上人群的疫苗接种率仍然明显低于83% ,香港的接种率甚至更低 [2]。超过80%的人口接种全剂量疫苗与死亡率显著降低相关 [2]。在接种完两针BioNTech疫苗(和辉瑞联合开发的mRNA疫苗)后,接种第三剂同源加强针能显著提高针对奥密克戎变异株的中和抗体滴度 [3]。

两剂科兴灭活疫苗(CoronaVac,Sinovac Biotech)对德尔塔(Delta)变异株具有保护作用 [4],目前正在分析第三剂同源科兴灭活(CoronaVac)疫苗对奥密克戎变异株的保护作用。

此外,最近的实验室数据表明,两剂科兴灭活疫苗后,无论是接种辉瑞疫苗(BNT162b2)、智飞重组蛋白疫苗(ZF2001)[5]还是腺病毒疫苗(CanSino Biologics),异源加强针疫苗都可以显著增强对奥密克戎变异株的保护。这些发现为旨在提高对新冠病毒变异株(尤其是Omicron变异株)保护率的异源加强针策略提供了支持。

其次,加快靶向药物和有效中和抗体药物的研发,将有助于降低新冠肺炎感染者发展为危重症和死亡的风险。

除了辉瑞新冠口服药物Paxlovid和默沙东新冠口服药Molnupiravir之外,其他在研口服药物(如VV116)和中和抗体注射药物(BRII-196和BRII-198)的治疗效果为改善临床结果提供了希望。但是由于患者来源有限,在中国大陆进行药物三期研究具有挑战性。因此,应鼓励国际合作。

第三,在社区环境中,应优先考虑快速抗原试剂盒检测。

与核酸检测相比,抗原检测可以显著缩短周转时间,且对医疗设施和人员的依赖性更低。这可以确保及时识别病源病人,在此基础上,可以对密切接触者(特别是输入性病例)进行基于人群的核酸检测筛查

第四,加强对潜伏期和恢复期感染病例的纵向随访调查。

深入分析输入性病例(包括检测结果复阳的病例)的传染性,将对决策者如何制定隔离最短期限和出院后复阳病例的管理提供参考。

最后,在某些指定城市或地区进行试点调查,并根据输入性病例的流行特点调整政策,这对于验证中国向安全有序的社会重新开放过渡的成果至关重要。 

参考文献:

1. Our World in Data. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Cases. https://ourworldindata.org/covid-cases#confirmed-cases (7 March 2022, date last accessed).

2. Medical Observations. Why Can’t Hong Kong “Co-Exist with SARS-CoV-2” as with Singapore? https://www.shangyexinzhi.com/article/4638096.html (7 March 2022, date last accessed).

3. Pérez-Then E, Lucas C, Cochon L et al.  Nat Med 2022; 28: 481–5.10.1038/s41591-022-01705-6

4. Li XN, Huang Y, Jing QL et al.  Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10: 1751–9.10.1080/22221751.2021.1969291

5. Ai J, Zhang H, Zhang Q et al.  Cell Res 2022; 32: 103–6.10.1038/s41422-021-00590-x 

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1220346, encodeId=a2e61220346cb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6cce9642674' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#钟南山#</a><a href='/topic/show?id=65b05806579' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新冠病毒#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=96426, encryptionId=6cce9642674, topicName=钟南山), TopicDto(id=58065, encryptionId=65b05806579, topicName=新冠病毒)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=赛华佗, createdTime=Tue May 17 16:20:07 CST 2022, time=2022-05-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1212953, encodeId=a64012129534c, content=钟老不愧为国之脊梁,总是在关键时刻让国家指引走上正确的方向。让人钦佩尊重!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e81f5622033, createdName=ms2000000011651543, createdTime=Wed Apr 20 21:01:28 CST 2022, time=2022-04-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1212702, encodeId=91db1212e0226, content=哎, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=81c65403831, createdName=ms7000001601091968, createdTime=Tue Apr 19 22:49:20 CST 2022, time=2022-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1212737, encodeId=98531212e376f, content=共和国勋章确实不容易啊, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210703/9c448fe1b3b54fd7bc9477662f4861bb/4bdadad22bfd46f2921aabb4c40265d3.jpg, createdBy=a8d81938466, createdName=weigq, createdTime=Wed Apr 20 06:17:50 CST 2022, time=2022-04-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1212754, encodeId=a5c81212e5410, content=一次次,勇敢的站出来发声。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=38c05609551, createdName=ms8000001104582032, createdTime=Wed Apr 20 07:56:20 CST 2022, time=2022-04-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1212606, encodeId=9f0312126066f, content=前些日子广东有专家在Nature Medicine上发文有关国家逐步放开的文章,全网被删了,这一次鈡南山院士的文章应该不会被删了吧, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=1, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=赛华佗, createdTime=Tue Apr 19 17:57:38 CST 2022, time=2022-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-04-20 ms2000000011651543

    钟老不愧为国之脊梁,总是在关键时刻让国家指引走上正确的方向。让人钦佩尊重!

    0

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    2022-04-19 ms7000001601091968

    0

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    2022-04-20 weigq

    共和国勋章确实不容易啊

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1220346, encodeId=a2e61220346cb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6cce9642674' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#钟南山#</a><a href='/topic/show?id=65b05806579' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新冠病毒#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=96426, encryptionId=6cce9642674, topicName=钟南山), TopicDto(id=58065, encryptionId=65b05806579, topicName=新冠病毒)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=赛华佗, createdTime=Tue May 17 16:20:07 CST 2022, time=2022-05-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1212953, encodeId=a64012129534c, content=钟老不愧为国之脊梁,总是在关键时刻让国家指引走上正确的方向。让人钦佩尊重!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e81f5622033, createdName=ms2000000011651543, createdTime=Wed Apr 20 21:01:28 CST 2022, time=2022-04-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1212702, encodeId=91db1212e0226, content=哎, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=81c65403831, createdName=ms7000001601091968, createdTime=Tue Apr 19 22:49:20 CST 2022, time=2022-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1212737, encodeId=98531212e376f, content=共和国勋章确实不容易啊, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210703/9c448fe1b3b54fd7bc9477662f4861bb/4bdadad22bfd46f2921aabb4c40265d3.jpg, createdBy=a8d81938466, createdName=weigq, createdTime=Wed Apr 20 06:17:50 CST 2022, time=2022-04-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1212754, encodeId=a5c81212e5410, content=一次次,勇敢的站出来发声。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=38c05609551, createdName=ms8000001104582032, createdTime=Wed Apr 20 07:56:20 CST 2022, time=2022-04-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1212606, encodeId=9f0312126066f, content=前些日子广东有专家在Nature Medicine上发文有关国家逐步放开的文章,全网被删了,这一次鈡南山院士的文章应该不会被删了吧, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=1, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=赛华佗, createdTime=Tue Apr 19 17:57:38 CST 2022, time=2022-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-04-20 ms8000001104582032

    一次次,勇敢的站出来发声。

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1220346, encodeId=a2e61220346cb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6cce9642674' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#钟南山#</a><a href='/topic/show?id=65b05806579' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新冠病毒#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=96426, encryptionId=6cce9642674, topicName=钟南山), TopicDto(id=58065, encryptionId=65b05806579, topicName=新冠病毒)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=赛华佗, createdTime=Tue May 17 16:20:07 CST 2022, time=2022-05-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1212953, encodeId=a64012129534c, content=钟老不愧为国之脊梁,总是在关键时刻让国家指引走上正确的方向。让人钦佩尊重!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e81f5622033, createdName=ms2000000011651543, createdTime=Wed Apr 20 21:01:28 CST 2022, time=2022-04-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1212702, encodeId=91db1212e0226, content=哎, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=81c65403831, createdName=ms7000001601091968, createdTime=Tue Apr 19 22:49:20 CST 2022, time=2022-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1212737, encodeId=98531212e376f, content=共和国勋章确实不容易啊, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210703/9c448fe1b3b54fd7bc9477662f4861bb/4bdadad22bfd46f2921aabb4c40265d3.jpg, createdBy=a8d81938466, createdName=weigq, createdTime=Wed Apr 20 06:17:50 CST 2022, time=2022-04-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1212754, encodeId=a5c81212e5410, content=一次次,勇敢的站出来发声。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=38c05609551, createdName=ms8000001104582032, createdTime=Wed Apr 20 07:56:20 CST 2022, time=2022-04-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1212606, encodeId=9f0312126066f, content=前些日子广东有专家在Nature Medicine上发文有关国家逐步放开的文章,全网被删了,这一次鈡南山院士的文章应该不会被删了吧, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=1, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=赛华佗, createdTime=Tue Apr 19 17:57:38 CST 2022, time=2022-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-04-19 赛华佗

    前些日子广东有专家在Nature Medicine上发文有关国家逐步放开的文章,全网被删了,这一次鈡南山院士的文章应该不会被删了吧

    1

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