EBioMedicine:2014年转化医学重要突破

2014-12-29 佚名 生物通

2014年是科学成果显著的一年,从我们对人类疾病分子途径的认识取得的进展,到应对这些疾病的新介入性工具的发展。最近,国际期刊 EBioMedicine 回顾了过去一年当中具有明确转化相关性的一些创新性成果和成功案例。这份列表不算详尽,但是希望它能为一部分研究成果提供一个前景,这些研究成果是EBioMedicine旨在促进的研究类型的很好例子。CRISPR不是一个全新的概念,这种强大新方法作为高

2014年是科学成果显著的一年,从我们对人类疾病分子途径的认识取得的进展,到应对这些疾病的新介入性工具的发展。最近,国际期刊 EBioMedicine 回顾了过去一年当中具有明确转化相关性的一些创新性成果和成功案例。这份列表不算详尽,但是希望它能为一部分研究成果提供一个前景,这些研究成果是EBioMedicine旨在促进的研究类型的很好例子。

CRISPR不是一个全新的概念,这种强大新方法作为高度特异性基因靶定和修改的手段,一度活跃在今年的舞台中央。成簇的、规律间隔的短回文重复序列(CRISPR)是自然存在于细菌DNA中的序列,与CRISPR相关(Cas)核酸酶共同起作用,指导RNAs保护细菌基因组免受侵入性噬菌体中检测到的靶向特异性序列的攻击。最近已经出现原理论证研究,利用该系统的高序列特异性,来治疗动物模型中的遗传性疾病,以及制备来源于受影响患者的无病干细胞

CRISPR还可让我们制备具有特异基因突变的小鼠模型,能比现有方法在更短的时间段内达到研究目的。据报道,今年早些时候, CRISPR-Cas系统已经成功作为一种工具,在人类细胞中执行高效、高特异性的全基因组筛选,2014年在增强靶标特异性方面已经取得了巨大的进步,从而为寻找人类健康和疾病相关的基因功能,开辟了无限的可能性。

在2014年,再生医学和干细胞研究领域也看到了很多进步和改善。干细胞疗法已经进入糖尿病、多发性硬化症和黄斑变性等疾病的人体临床试验,这一年我们看到有研究首次证明,人类胚胎干细胞可恢复一小部分法律盲患者的视力。在神经退行性疾病研究领域也取得了一些成果,例如早发性阿尔茨海默氏病和帕金森氏病,在这些案例中,生长在体外的患者源干细胞将促进这些疾病的遗传模型构建。“神经退行性疾病”的这些“培养皿”模型,也可用于筛选和开发靶向疗法,这应该会加快使患者真正受益的医学转化过程。

今年,美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)批准第一个抗程序化死亡蛋白-1(PD-1)的单克隆抗体——pembrolizumab,用于不可切除或转移性黑色素瘤。基于早期关于“PD-1在T细胞反应负调控中的作用”的基础研究,大多数研究工作一直集中在阻断PD-1与其两个配体PD-L1和PD-L2之间的相互作用,主要用于癌症治疗,但也用于其他免疫治疗。Pembrolizumab目前也正在加快FDA审查,作为晚期非小细胞肺癌的一种突破性疗法,也正处于其他几种癌症的临床试验中。另一种正在审批、用于晚期非小细胞肺癌和黑色素瘤的抗PD-1单克隆抗体是nivolumab,它也正在进行其他各种癌症的大量临床试验,包括肾细胞癌和头颈癌。在未来几年内,靶定PD-1及其配体之间相互作用的药物预计将是更有价值的治疗方法,二十多年来对PD-1途径进行的艰苦的基础和临床学研究,终于开花结果。

在一周一次的exenatide成功之后,2014年也出现了两种一周一次的、长效的胰高血糖素样肽1(GLP-1)受体激动剂——albiglutide和dulaglutide,用于2型糖尿病治疗。这些药物可激活许多组织中表达的GLP-1受体,包括胰腺和脑,并通过促进胰岛β细胞释放葡萄糖依赖性胰岛素以及减缓血液对葡萄糖的吸收,来降低血糖浓度。与日剂量疗法(如一天一次的利拉鲁肽和两天一次的艾塞那肽)相比,一周一次的治疗方案有望提高治疗依从性。自从20年前GLP-1受体克隆和功能表达的首次示范以来,大量的研究工作一直致力于开发GLP-1受体激动剂来治疗糖尿病,结果,早在本世纪初就首先开展了概念验证研究。GLP-1受体激动剂是将几十年的研究活动转化为造福人类健康的介入性工具的另一个转化例子。

用于慢性丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染的一种新型标准治疗,也在今年实现。即使在发达国家,HCV也是一个重大的医疗负担,每年全世界有数百万例新增感染病例。将Sofosbuvir(新型HCV NS5B聚合酶抑制剂)及其与NS5A蛋白抑制剂ledipasvir的组合,添加到现有标准的干扰素和利巴韦林治疗中,已经大大改进了HCV的治疗选择,并且慢性肝炎C患者首次可以从一种完全口服、片剂为基础的治疗中受益,而无需干扰素注射。新型固定剂量的sofosbuvir/ledipasvir组合按配方制成单一片剂,每天口服一次,与干扰素/利巴韦林治疗相比可使治疗时间更短。持续的病毒应答率在一些治疗组中高达99%,向这种新型sofosbuvir/ledipasvir组合中添加利巴韦林,并没有提高应答率。

总之,2014是转化医学研究的伟大一年,我们祝贺这些基础和临床研究成果的取得,使我们更加接近于解决人类健康长期存在的挑战。这些成果表明,连续和持久地努力了解人类疾病的分子机理和开发创新的干预措施,可以完美地结合人类健康的未满足医疗需求,EBioMedicine的目标是,通过转化科学帮助传导这些需求,从而改善人类健康。

原始出处:

2014: A Year of Breakthroughs for Translational Science.EBioMedicine Volume 1, Issues 2–3, December 2014, Pages 91–92


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    2015-03-31 智智灵药
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    2015-02-28 linagood
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    2015-08-09 kalseyzl
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    2015-01-15 sunylz
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