NAT MED:北大肿瘤医院突破CAR-T疗法瓶颈,有望变革治疗格局

2019-04-23 佚名 学术经纬

今日,《自然》子刊《Nature Medicine》上刊登了一项由北京大学肿瘤医院朱军教授与南加州大学陈思毅教授联合主导的重要医学研究——科学家们找到了让明星抗癌疗法CAR-T变得更为安全的方法,并在早期人体临床试验中进行了验证。许多专家指出,这一发现有望变革CAR-T的治疗格局。

今日,《自然》子刊《Nature Medicine》上刊登了一项由北京大学肿瘤医院朱军教授与南加州大学陈思毅教授联合主导的重要医学研究——科学家们找到了让明星抗癌疗法CAR-T变得更为安全的方法,并在早期人体临床试验中进行了验证。许多专家指出,这一发现有望变革CAR-T的治疗格局。

CAR-T是近年来涌现出的明星抗癌疗法。这种疗法从患者体内分离出免疫T细胞,并在体外对这些细胞进行基因改造,给它们装上识别癌细胞表面抗原的“嵌合抗原受体”(CAR)。随后,这些改造之后的细胞在实验室中经过大量扩增,再被输注回患者体内。在那里,它们就像是一支装备了最新武器,训练有素的军队,对癌细胞展开无情的攻击。

在一系列临床试验中,这一疗法的理念和疗效得到了验证。2017年,美国FDA批准了首款CAR-T疗法上市。几个月后,第二款CAR-T疗法也得到了批准。一些从临床试验起就开始接受这一疗法的儿童患者,更是5、6年没有出现癌症复发,达到“功能性治愈”。

科研人员们知道,CAR-T疗法不是万能药。由于这些免疫T细胞算是一剂“猛药”,它们往往会在人体内引起“细胞因子风暴”的副作用,有时甚至会危及到患者的生命。因此,现在的患者必须在设备精良,医护人员具有专精知识的医疗机构接受CAR-T治疗,以便及时控制潜在的副作用。

为了了解能否进一步提高CAR-T疗法的安全性,减少细胞因子风暴的诞生,研究人员们决定对首款获批的CAR-T疗法中的“嵌合抗原受体”进行改造,让疗法既能维持疗效,又增强安全性,减少细胞因子的释放。

在经过大规模的筛选后,一种叫做CD19-BBz(86)的嵌合抗原受体得到了研究人员们的关注。在小鼠实验中,它能有效杀死癌细胞,却没有带来严重的免疫副作用。这正是他们所苦苦寻找的特性。

接下来,他们申请了一项临床试验,在人类患者身上研究这一经过改良的CAR-T疗法能否带来更为安全的治疗效果。这项早期的临床试验招募了26名罹患难治性B细胞淋巴瘤的患者,其中25人得到了治疗。与先前的结果类似,在抗击癌症方面,CAR-T疗法取得了出色的成果:在低剂量和中等剂量组中,均有一半患者出现临床缓解。而接受最高剂量的11名患者中,有6人达到完全缓解(54.5%),2人达到部分缓解(18%),这表明这款经过改良的CAR-T疗法,疗效没有打折扣。

而在研究人员们最为关注的安全性上,这款新型CAR-T疗法可以说是大获全胜。在25名患者中,没有一位患者出现1级以上的细胞因子风暴。更可喜的是,没有任何一位患者出现神经毒性(CAR-T疗法的另一个常见副作用)。综合来看,没有一名患者需要通过药物治疗来缓解副作用。对比现有获批的CAR-T疗法(超过一半受细胞因子风暴困扰,约四分之一有神经毒性),研究取得的积极成果让人振奋!

“这是一项重要的进步,”本研究负责人之一陈思毅教授说道:“我们设计了一种新型的CAR分子,它在杀死癌细胞上一样有效,但作用速度没有那么激烈,毒性也更低。”

这项研究一经发布,也引起了许多业内专家的热议。一些专家指出,这一研究虽然只招募了25名患者,但早期数据非常有潜力。另一些专家则表示谨慎乐观。虽然我们取得了理想的结果,但为何这种设计能够降低毒性,背后的机理还有待进一步探明。

总结来看,由这支华人学者领衔的团队做出的发现,有望带来更为安全的CAR-T疗法。如果这能够在更多临床试验中得到验证,对患者来说无疑是一个福音。毕竟,更安全的疗法不但能让他们的治疗更为安心,还可以让虚弱的患者免于前往特殊医疗中心的舟车劳顿之苦,就近接受治疗。这正是生物医学实实在在为患者做出的改变。
 
原始出处:
Zhitao Ying et al., (2019), A safe and potent anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy, Nature Medicine, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-019-0421-7

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    2019-06-28 仁心济世
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    2019-06-06 liye789132251
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    2019-04-23 坚强007

    向挑战病魔的科研人员致敬!

    0

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