Science:颠覆70年认知!华人学者重新定义性别发育关键

2017-08-19 佚名 药明康德

今日,顶级学术期刊《科学》上刊登了一项重磅研究。任职于美国国家环境卫生科学研究所(NIEHS)的姚宏昌博士团队找到了胚胎发育过程中,决定性别的关键。这个发现颠覆了人们70年来的普遍认知。

今日,顶级学术期刊《科学》上刊登了一项重磅研究。任职于美国国家环境卫生科学研究所(NIEHS)的姚宏昌博士团队找到了胚胎发育过程中,决定性别的关键。这个发现颠覆了人们70年来的普遍认知。


▲姚宏昌博士(图片来源:NIEHS)

“在研究生院,教科书告诉我,雄激素是发育过程中保持雄性生殖道的关键,” 姚宏昌博士说:“但我们的研究发现,雄性生殖道在没有雄激素的情况下,也依旧能得到保持。”

先前,科学家们发现每一个胚胎在早期发育的过程中,都会同时保留雄性和雌性的原始生殖道。在随后的发育过程里,不同性别的胚胎才会体现出“男女有别”。1940年代,科学家们提出了一个经典模型——雄激素是在胚胎中维持雄性生殖道的决定性因素。由于雌性胚胎中缺乏雄激素,这些胚胎里的雄性生殖道会被移除,从而留下雌性生殖道。


▲1940年代,科学家们指出雄激素是性别发育的关键(图片来源:SciELO)

有趣的是,挑战教科书里的经典模型,并不是这支团队的最初研究目的。姚宏昌博士说,他们原本只是想了解生殖道外部组织如何影响了生殖道的布局。这些外部组织会分泌一种叫做COUP-TFII的蛋白。研究人员猜测,它可能决定了生殖道的走向。

为了验证这个想法,研究人员们在雌性小鼠中敲除了编码COUP-TFII的基因。然后,奇怪的事发生了——这些小鼠竟然同时保有雄性和雌性的两套生殖道,这让研究人员大感惊讶。

“我们挠破了头皮,百思不得其解。” 姚宏昌博士说。


▲敲除了COUP-TFII基因后,小鼠体内同时出现了雄性生殖道(蓝色)与雌性生殖道(粉色)(图片来源:NIEHS)

根据教科书的说法,雄激素是在胚胎中保持雄性生殖道的关键。于是,姚宏昌博士的团队很自然地想到,移除COUP-TFII,可能让卵巢等器官发生了奇怪的变化,让它们开始分泌雄激素。然而,后续的实验否决了这个设想。“卵巢就是卵巢,没出任何错。” 姚宏昌博士说。进一步的实验也表明,这些胚胎里并不存在理论上能够保留雄性生殖道的雄激素。

于是,研究人员们提出了决定性别发育的全新假说——COUP-TFII才是影响雄性生殖道发育的关键。这个转录因子蛋白就像是一名富有魅力的领导,能调动团队成员的积极性,一道在雌性胚胎中进行“清除雄性生殖道”的工作。而当这名领导休假时,底下的团队成员就失去了工作的热情,雄性生殖道也得以保留。


▲本研究的第一作者赵飞博士(图片来源:NIEHS)

目前,人们还不知道是什么诱发了COUP-TFII的出现,它的具体作用也有待进一步阐明。“这项工作只是一个开始,还有许多有趣的问题等待我们去回答,”这项研究的第一作者赵飞博士说:“我们将继续研究胚胎如何发育出有功能的生殖系统。”


▲这项研究得到了《科学》杂志的高度评价,同期上还专门有一则评论新闻(图片来源:《科学》)

《科学》杂志对这项研究有着高度评价。发育生物学家Amanda Swain博士在同期杂志上刊发了特邀评论。她说:“上世纪的发现表明,雄性生殖结构是由雄激素催生的,这表明雄性特征的形成是一个主动的过程,而雌性特征的形成是一个被动的过程。但这篇研究表明,雌性特征的发育同样是一个主动过程。”

“这项研究填补了我们认识上的空白。”另一些知名的生殖生物学家评论说。尽管这项研究是在小鼠中进行的,但科学家们相信,人类发育很有可能也采取了类似的机制。姚宏昌博士团队做出的这项意外发现,有望让罹患性别发育异常的患者找到病因,并带来潜在的治疗希望。

我们祝贺姚宏昌博士团队带来的突破,并期待看到更多华人学者的研究能颠覆常识,在教科书上留下自己的名字。
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    2017-08-20 neurowu
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    2017-08-20 jichang
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    2017-08-19 lovetcm

    非常牛,下一步可能会回国了

    0

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