AHA公布2017年心血管病研究十大进展:脑卒中和高血压诊疗有重大变化

2018-02-09 朱柳媛 中国循环杂志

2月7日,美国心脏协会(AHA)官网公布了2017年心血管病研究十大进展,具体如下。

2月7日,美国心脏协会(AHA)官网公布了2017年心血管病研究十大进展,具体如下。

1、缺血性卒中新研究和指南更新:机械取栓时间窗延长至发病后24小时

2017年发表在《新英格兰医学杂志》上的DAWN研究表明,卒中发病后较长一段时间机械取栓也有益处。

根据该研究和 DEFUSE 3研究的结果,AHA联合美国卒中协会(ASA)更新了急性缺血性卒中治疗指南,并在2018年1月召开的国际卒中大会上公布。

该指南明确指出,对于脑部大血管血栓栓塞的患者,取栓治疗的时间窗可从6小时延长至24小时。指南还扩大了溶栓药物的应用范围。

2、基因编辑技术:或助力人类阻断遗传性心脏病

《自然》杂志发表的一项研究提示,在人类胚胎中,我们可以利用基因编辑技术来矫正心肌细胞中可致病的基因突变。

研究人员聚焦于MYBPC3基因,该基因可导致遗传性肥厚型心肌病。用基因编辑技术修复人类胚胎中的MYBPC3基因,就可阻断该基因遗传给后代。

3、青少年儿童高血压和成人高血压新指南:重大变化

2017年8月,美国儿科学会(AAP)更新了儿童和青少年高血压筛查管理指南,简化了青少年儿童高血压诊治流程。

儿童血压的正常值因性别、年龄、身高不同而存在较大差异。因此,此前医生们需要根据一堆表格来评估儿童血压是否正常。新指南基于年龄和性别,提供了一个简短、易懂的表格,来确定儿童的血压是否升高。

AHA还提到,去年11月,AHA联合美国心脏病学会(ACC)更新了成年人高血压诊断标准,即从140/90 mmHg改为130/80 mmHg,这意味着46%的美国成年人有高血压,高血压患病率升高了14%。

但AHA强调,对于大部分根据新诊断标准界定的高血压患者,仅需要进行生活方式调节,不需要药物治疗。

4、非裔美国青少年的心血管健康:受经济衰退影响

研究发现,美国2007-2009年经济大萧条5年后,居住在美国东南部农村的16~17岁非裔美国青少年的健康受到严重影响,具体表现为:代谢综合征发病率较高,包括腹型肥胖、高血压、高血糖、高胆固醇血症。

因此,AHA指出,在经济大幅下滑期间及之后需要重视青少年的二级预防,包括生活方式调节。

5、低收入人群心脏健康:受贫穷影响最大

近年来,有些研究人员致力于研究“食物沙漠(food deserts)”与心脏健康的关系。所谓食物沙漠,是指健康食物较难获得的低收入地区。

一项研究发现,影响心脏健康的并非“食物沙漠”本身,而是低收入。在食物沙漠生活的人群常常合并较多的心血管危险因素,包括氧化应激、炎症和动脉硬化,但这些状况与该地区低收入及居民自身有关,而与是否邻近食品店无关。

6、新型降胆固醇药物:显著降低心脏病和卒中风险

在降脂领域,去年3年公布的FOURIER研究结果非常喜人。该研究显示,心血管病高危人群在他汀治疗的基础上,PCSK9抑制剂Evolocumab,一种新型的注射用降胆固醇药物,可将低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平降低60%(平均降幅30%),心脏病、卒中及心血管死亡风险降低20%。

7、新型降糖药物SGLT2抑制剂:可降低死亡和心衰风险

大型国际研究——CVD-REAL研究提示,与其他降糖药相比,2型糖尿病患者应用坎格列净、达格列净或恩格列净等SGLT2抑制剂治疗时,死亡和心衰风险明显降低。

8、外周动脉疾病:利伐沙班与阿司匹林联用更有效

纳入全球33个国家7470例外周动脉疾病患者的COMPASS-PAD研究表明,对于外周动脉疾病患者,与单用阿司匹林相比,阿司匹林联合应用小剂量利伐沙班,可更有效地预防心血管死亡、心脏病、卒中、严重截肢。

联合治疗总体上会增加大出血风险,但致死性或重要的器官出血风险并没有增加。

9、抗炎药物canakinumab:可预防心血管事件

包含1万余例既往有心脏病的高危患者的CANTOS研究发现显示,白细胞介素-1β单克隆抗体canakinumab可显著减少心脏病、卒中或其他心血管病发病及死亡风险。

AHA指出,尽管canakinumab并没有减少全因死亡,且有明显的不良反应,但用特定抗炎抗体来治疗心血管病的原理非常重要。

10、TAVR适用人群拓宽:手术并发症中高危患者均可用

对于手术并发症风险较高的严重主动脉狭窄患者,经导管主动脉瓣置换术(TAVR)已被认为是开胸手术的替代治疗手段。去年发表的SURTAVI研究将TAVR的适用人群进一步扩大,即手术并发症风险中等的严重主动脉瓣狭窄患者也适合用TAVR治疗。

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    2018-02-11 zhaohui6731
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    2018-02-09 虈亣靌

    不确定性太多.需要努力学习

    0

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    2018-02-09 zdvfsadb

    学习了

    0

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