Nat Commun:揭秘唐氏综合症患者记忆与认知障碍关键机制,药物研发有望成功!

2019-11-05 Paris 转化医学网

直到20世纪,人们才逐渐弄清唐氏综合征的真正病因:该病患者的染色体核型与正常人相比,多了一条21号染色体。随着对唐氏研究的深入,越来越多的成年唐氏患者皆表现出不同程度的空间定向缺陷。

近日,来自来自西班牙阿利坎特UMH-CSIC神经科学研究所的胡安·莱尔马教授领导的研究小组发现了一种名为GRIk1的基因(离子化卡因酸型谷氨酸受体基因),它是大脑的兴奋和抑制之间达到平衡状态的关键,是影响唐氏综合症患者空间定向问题的主要原因。



据美国疾病控制中心的数据显示,全球每1000 到1100名婴儿中就有一人患病唐氏综合症。它是由于21号染色体的全部或者部分出现遗传重复造成的。这种染色体畸形导致了一些临床症状,包括认知能力和身体发育削弱,以及先天性心脏缺陷和白血病,但是许多造成这些症状的基因仍然未知。作为神经发育缺陷及认知障碍性疾病,唐氏综合征的认知缺陷的主要原因被归咎于大脑的过度抑制状态,因此,弄清驱动这种突触抑制作用的机制及其行为效果是当务之急。

GRIK1基因位于21号染色体上,在神经系统中发挥重要作用,影响计算能力。这个基因在神经元之间的交流中,调节大脑中主要的抑制性神经递质——GABA的释放。

为了维持大脑功能的正常运作,必须合理地调节神经元之间的沟通。而这种沟通是通过神经递质完成的,可以是兴奋性的也可以是抑制性的,兴奋性或抑制性神经递质的释放发生在神经元之间的接触点--突触。而焦虑症,抑郁症,精神分裂症,躁郁症或自闭症等精神神经障碍性疾病皆有一特征:大脑中的兴奋/抑制平衡状态遭到破坏。

在唐氏综合症的小鼠模型中,研究人员看到,海马中某些神经回路的兴奋与抑制之间存在不平衡的问题,这些神经回路却又恰好与记忆和空间定向有关。在本次研究中,他们发现,这种不平衡取决于GRIK1的剂量。那么,是否可以在唐氏综合症小鼠模型中标准化GRIK1的剂量,从而达到消除兴奋与抑制之间不平衡的目的呢?

果不其然,通过遗传操纵技术,该研究团队将这种基因的剂量在这种转基因小鼠模型进行了标准化处理,结果发现,实验小鼠的空间记忆障碍不复存在,而这种变化是十分微妙的,多年来,在唐氏综合症的研究中一直未被注意到。


Ts2Cje小鼠中降低的LTP独立于Grik1基因

去年,莱尔玛教授的研究小组已经证明了,突触传递强度的微小变化如何导致唐氏小鼠行为的显着改变。当大脑杏仁核中突触传递强度发生变化时,恐惧或焦虑反应可能会受到影响。Lerma教授表示,如果前额叶皮层的传播强度发生变化,则可能导致人际关系问题或攻击性增强。

而在本次研究中,研究小组证明了海马中进一步的抑制性失衡导致与空间记忆有关的改变,这极大可能解释了唐氏综合症患者的定向缺陷问题。唐氏综合症是认知障碍的最常见遗传原因,因此阐明造成这些缺陷的生理机制是一项重要挑战。该研究为开发针对该疾病的药物铺平了道路,未来仍有更多挑战在等待我们,让我们再接再厉,为早日攻克唐氏综合症而努力!

原始出处:

Sergio Valbuena, álvaro García, Wilfrid Mazier, et.al. Unbalanced dendritic inhibition of CA1 neurons drives spatial-memory deficits in the Ts2Cje Down syndrome model. Nature Communications 01 November 2019

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    2020-03-31 liye789132251
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    2020-05-19 liuli5079
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    2019-11-07 lqvr
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