中科院揭示:小细胞肺癌化疗耐药机制及克服策略!

2022-04-26 中国科学院分子细胞科学卓越创新中心 网络

与绝大多数实体瘤不同,小细胞肺癌的首选治疗方案不是手术而是化疗。

4月21日,Nature Cancer在线发表了中国科学院分子细胞科学卓越创新中心(生物化学与细胞生物学研究所)季红斌研究组题为Therapeutic targeting of the mevalonate–geranylgeranyl diphosphate pathway with statins overcomes chemotherapy resistance in small cell lung cancer的研究成果。

该研究揭示了甲羟戊酸(MVA)- 香叶基香叶基二磷酸(GGPP)代谢途径在小细胞肺癌化疗耐药中的功能及其机制,并提出靶向治疗新策略。

小细胞肺癌约占肺癌的15%,是所有肺癌亚型中恶性程度最高、预后最差的亚型。高转移、易耐药是小细胞肺癌两个显著的特征。由于小细胞肺癌的高转移性,大多数患者在确诊时已经发生远端转移,失去手术治疗的机会。幸运的是,小细胞肺癌对化疗十分敏感,绝大多数患者在接受化疗后其体内肿瘤会发生显著消退。因此,与绝大多数实体瘤不同,小细胞肺癌的首选治疗方案不是手术而是化疗,而这直接造成了小细胞肺癌样本的获取非常困难,对小细胞肺癌发病机制的研究造成障碍。此外,虽然小细胞肺癌一开始对化疗高度敏感,但其耐药性很快出现从而导致肿瘤复发。由于没有后续有效的治疗药物,复发患者在医学伦理的限制下较少能够接受活检,而这些耐药样本的匮乏进一步造成目前对小细胞肺癌化疗耐药机制的理解不足;机制认知的不足又对开发后续新的治疗手段造成障碍,最终导致小细胞肺癌研究领域陷入了“临床样本难获取-耐药机制不清-缺乏有效后续治疗手段-临床样本难获取”的死循环。打开死循环的关键在于临床样本的获取。为达到这一目的,研究者必须在深入研究小细胞肺癌化疗耐药机制的基础上找到能够有效克服其耐药性的临床用药,才有可能在医学伦理的框架下进行耐药样本的获取并进行细致分析。为了实现这一点,国际上一直努力尝试在患者体外建立能够真实模拟临床小细胞肺癌耐药过程的小鼠模型,例如建立患者来源肿瘤的小鼠移植瘤模型(PDX)并通过持续给药来模拟临床小细胞肺癌化疗耐药的过程,希望以此为突破口来深入理解小细胞肺癌化疗耐药的分子机制,并提出潜在治疗策略。尽管近年来国际上在小细胞肺癌化疗耐药研究领域已经取得可喜进展,但尚未见到能够用于克服小细胞肺癌化疗耐药的临床用药报道。

该研究通过建立小细胞肺癌患者样本来源的异种移植瘤 (PDX)和人小细胞肺癌细胞系来源的移植瘤小鼠模型,模拟临床给药方案对小鼠模型进行了长达一年半的化疗药物处理,最终建成了多个小细胞肺癌化疗耐药的小鼠模型。在此基础上,研究人员专门利用含有1971个美国FDA认证的药物库来筛选能够特异性抑制化疗耐药细胞存活的潜在药物。研究发现,抑制甲羟戊酸代谢途径的他汀类药物能够显著抑制化疗耐药细胞的存活。利用另外一个含256个美国FDA认证的代谢类药物库进行筛选验证,同样发现多种他汀类药物可以特异性抑制化疗耐药细胞的存活。研究人员由此猜测,化疗耐药的小细胞肺癌可能发生代谢重编程并依赖甲羟戊酸代谢途径来维持细胞存活。进一步的机制研究发现,他汀类药物主要是通过抑制甲羟戊酸代谢途径中香叶基香叶基二磷酸的生成,阻滞小G蛋白RAB7A的香叶基香叶基化修饰过程,使后者无法上膜发挥正常功能,进而抑制自噬体与溶酶体的融合,引发自噬流障碍,促使耐药细胞中ROS过度累积而发生细胞凋亡。

利用一系列获得性耐药和原发性耐药的PDX模型,研究人员进一步寻找对他汀类药物治疗响应较好的肿瘤标志物。研究发现,香叶基香叶基二磷酸合成酶GGPS1高表达的耐药肿瘤对他汀类药物十分敏感,并且化疗联合他汀类药物可以显著克服小细胞肺癌化疗耐药。临床样本分析显示,高表达GGPS1的小细胞肺癌患者预后往往更差。研究还发现,三例化疗耐药的小细胞肺癌患者在接受化疗联合辛伐他汀治疗后病情均得到不同程度的缓解。

综上所述,该研究通过建立并研究小细胞肺癌化疗耐药的小鼠模型,揭示了甲羟戊酸代谢在小细胞肺癌化疗耐药中的重要作用,并提出可以利用他汀类药物靶向MVA-GGPP代谢途径作为克服小细胞肺癌化疗耐药的策略用于临床后线治疗。此外,研究者合作发起了两项二期临床研究,以期深入评估他汀类药物联合化疗在化疗耐药小细胞肺癌患者中的疗效。一旦他汀类药物联合化疗被证明有效,将打开“临床样本难获取-耐药机制不清-缺乏有效后续治疗手段-临床样本难获取”的死循环,为全面深入地揭示小细胞肺癌化疗耐药的分子机制奠定基石,有助于小细胞肺癌化疗耐药患者的精准治疗,改善小细胞肺癌患者的临床治疗。

研究工作得到分子细胞卓越中心公共技术服务中心动物实验技术平台、化学生物学平台、细胞生物学平台和分子生物学平台的支持,获得国家自然科学基金、国家重点研发计划和中科院战略性先导科技专项等的资助。

论文链接:https://www.nature.com/articles/s43018-022-00358-1

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    2022-12-03 gous
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    2022-04-27 zhongyuanjun

    学习中

    0

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    2022-04-26 屋顶瞄爱赏月

    学习学习

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    2022-04-26 医鸣惊人

    认真***

    0

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