Neuron:痒了挠,挠了更痒?中国科学家解析原因

2018-12-18 佚名 生物探索

挠痒痒,这件事是大脑管控的……



很多时候,蚊虫叮咬、湿疹、过敏、伤口结痂、皮肤缺水……都有可能会引发痒的症状,不自觉用手抓了以后,却发现越挠越痒……

“痒了挠,挠了更痒”,这一令人抓狂的循环,究竟是怎么产生的呢?

近日,中国的科学家们给这一现象带来了新的解释——来自中国科学院神经科学研究所、脑科学与智能技术卓越创新中心、神经科学国家重点实验室的孙衍刚研究组找到了调控这一“痒-挠”循环的大脑机制。相关研究成果于12月13日发表在《Neuron》期刊。


大脑调控

在最新的研究中,孙衍刚团队发现,在小鼠的中脑有一个区域——导水管周围灰质(periaqueductal gray),存在一群表达速激肽的神经元,它们负责处理“痒的感觉”,并促进抓挠动作的产生。

他们以小鼠为模型,用组胺(荨麻疹和蚊子叮咬后感觉到痒就是因为体内细胞分泌了这一物质)或者氯喹(一种抗疟药物)给小鼠制造出瘙痒的感觉,并记录了在“抓挠行为”中小鼠大脑导水管周围灰质区的神经元的活动变化。

结果显示,这一区域的神经元与痒觉引起的抓挠行为有很强的相关性。而且,导水管周围灰质区的神经元会表达一种叫做速激肽(tachykinin 1, Tac1)的神经肽。

当人为抑制表达Tac1的神经元后,小鼠因瘙痒引起的抓痒行为会明显减少。相反,当刺激这一类神经元活性时,即使没有组胺或氯喹诱导痒的感觉,小鼠依然会引发自主的抓挠行为。



孙衍刚研究员(图片来源:中国科学院)

这意味着,小鼠大脑导水管周围灰质区域中表达Tac1的神经元是调控“痒-挠”这种恶性循环的关键。

研究意义

类似于视觉、听觉等感知,痒觉也是大脑加工处理的产物。它对于动物而言,是一种重要的保护机制。“当瘙痒的感觉引发抓挠行为,这有利于动摆脱黏附于皮肤上的有害物质。在某些情况下,抓挠引起的皮肤损伤会带来强烈的免疫反应,这也可能有助于对抗入侵物质。” 孙衍刚解释道。

但是,慢性瘙痒常常会因为无法忍受而引发持续的抓挠行为,这往往容易导致皮肤和深层组织的损伤,严重影响患者的生活治疗。遗憾的是,因为对大脑处理“痒-挠”机制了解甚少,目前临床上对于慢性瘙痒一直缺乏有效的治疗手段。

孙衍刚认为,该项研究有望改变解决慢性瘙痒问题的思路,为这一症状治疗带来新靶标提供新的理论基础。

原始出处:

Zheng-Run Gao, et al. Tac1-Expressing Neurons in the Periaqueductal Gray Facilitate the Itch-Scratching Cycle via Descending Regulation. Neuron, 2018. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2018.11.010.

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    2019-01-01 by2021
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    2019-06-22 hongbochen
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