人到中年,压力山大!揭示女性的健康是如何被“压垮”的?

2021-01-11 K.K MedSci原创

“我不能离婚,却能逃出去”

图片摄图网
去年12月份,56岁的苏敏阿姨火了!她一个人,开着一辆车,带着一箱物资,从郑州一路南下,踏上期待已久的自驾之旅。

她说自己结婚三十多年,过得并不幸福。夫妻俩一直实行AA制,洗衣做饭、养家糊口、照顾孩子的重担,都落到自己身上,常年压抑的婚姻生活让她患上中度抑郁症。

“起初,我只是感觉身体和心理情况比较差,可在家里的时间越长,我的病情就恶化得越严重。我去医院检查过,我对医生说我在家说着话就流泪,也想过自杀。我对生活没有一点兴趣和憧憬,最后到了不得不住院治疗的地步。”苏阿姨说,想过离婚,但是为了孩子,都能忍。“现在,这么大年纪了不愿意去想这些,出门是最好的选择,看看祖国的大好河山。”

图片@南方都市报截图

虽然更多的男人在家庭中扮演着顶梁柱的角色,但大家却忽视了和苏阿姨一样的女性,他们承担的压力也值得被关在。于她们而言,至少扮演着四重角色、承担着多重责任——劳动者、照顾老人者、为人父母者、为人妻子者。评估每种角色与女性血管疾病风险因素的关系迫在眉睫。近期,一项发表在《美国心脏协会杂志》的研究则表明:中年女性压力越大,那么就会对心脏健康产生更多不利影响。

图片Social Role Stress, Reward, and the American Heart Association Life’s Simple 7 in Midlife Women: The Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation.Journal of the American Heart Association. 2020.https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.120.017489

研究人员将发现的七种影响女性健康的风险因素,命名为AHAS7,简单来说,这7种因素就是戒烟、运动、饮食、BMI、血压、葡萄糖和胆固醇水平。从1996年~1997年,通过电话随访被招募的3302名中年女性,这些女性包括美国加利福尼亚州、马萨诸塞州、密歇根州、伊利诺伊州、宾夕法尼亚州和新泽西州。并采用SWAN(全国妇女健康研究)和9次收集的数据进行分析。

纳入的女性包含四类社会角色:劳动者、母亲(或继母)、妻子(或伴侣)以及照顾老人的女性。不同的角色承担不同等级的压力,相应地,也产生不同等级回报。用Likert量表评估不同角色所承受的压力等级,并用“1~5”标记。“1”表示“一点也没有压力”,“5”表示“压力非常大”。此外,研究人员还利用Likert量表来评定角色回报。女性在第1次~第6次以及第8次监测时完成MRQ问卷调查。而在第8次时,有三分之一的女性由于方案内容调整没有完成问卷调查。

在第五次数据分析中,女性平均年龄为51岁(n=1694)。最常见的社会角色有母亲(83%),其次是劳动者(82%)、妻子(或伴侣)(76%)和照顾老人的女性(13%)。超过50%的人担任3类角色,仅有6.7%的人担任4类角色。平均角色压力等级为2.8(标准差:0.84),平均角色回报等级为3.9(标准差:0.74)。

没有一位女性的AHAS7所有项水平处于优良

在这1694名女性中,有320名妇女达到AHAS7中5~6种优良水平,占18%;897名女性AHAS7中达到3~4种优良水平,占50%;有572名女性达到0~2种,占32%。超90%的女性有吸烟行为,近50%的女性处于正常的胆固醇、BMI和运动水平,有51%的女性符合血压标准。这些被纳入的女性有6.6%在服用降脂药物、6.2%服用他汀类药物、24%服用抗高血压药物,4.7%服用抗糖尿病药物。(见图1)

图片

图1:美国心脏协会7项指标的优、中、差水平分布(SWAN研究)

Social Role Stress, Reward, and the American Heart Association Life’s Simple 7 in Midlife Women: The Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation.Journal of the American Heart Association. 2020.https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.120.017489

平均角色压力和回报均与AHAS7中优良水平相关

女性所扮演的角色承担的压力等级越高,AHAS7中达到优良的水平越低;女性所扮演的角色获得回报越高,AHAS7中达到优良的水平越高。

值得一提的是,将压力和回报放在同一个数据模型分析时,两者都与AHAS7中优良值独立相关。研究人员单独分析时发现,当角色压力越大,血压水平优良值越低,同时也和饮食有关。

当研究人员分析BMI因素时,发现角色压力越大,与BMI水平优良值(即<25 kg/m2)无关。在压力模型(OR,0.79;95%CI,0.69–0.91)、和回报模型(OR,0.82;95%CI,0.71–0.94)中,压力越大,BMI<30 kg/m2几率较低。在运动方面,压力等级每上升1,达到优良运动状态的几率下降10%。(见表1)

图片表1:角色压力和回报与AHAS7的关系

Social Role Stress, Reward, and the American Heart Association Life’s Simple 7 in Midlife Women: The Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation.Journal of the American Heart Association. 2020.https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.120.017489

在戒烟方面,女性的戒烟几率增加,与女性获得回报、运动增加相关。研究人员发现:平均回报等级每增加1,女性进行更多运动几率升高58%。当女性扮演更多积极角色,戒烟几率升高30%。

在压力和回报的模型中,压力而非回报与AHAS7的相关性具有统计学意义。此外,压力等级每升高1,血糖优良水平下降11%,BMI优良水平下降10%,运动优良水平下降33%。回报等级每升高1,运动优良水平几率升高33%。(见表2)

图片表2:角色压力和回报与AHAS7的关系(SWAN纵向数据)

Social Role Stress, Reward, and the American Heart Association Life’s Simple 7 in Midlife Women: The Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation.Journal of the American Heart Association. 2020.https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.120.017489

在考虑了年龄、种族、地点、教育程度和更年期等因素后,女性角色社会压力越大、回报越少,达到AHAS7中平均优良值越低。约50%的女性达到了血压、血糖和胆固醇优良水平,三分之一的女性达到了BMI标准,遗憾的是,没有一个女性的饮食很健康。总之,中年的社会角色可能对未来晚年时心血管健康产生一些影响。压力与优良心血管健康值较少有关,而获得回报与各部分的优良值有关。

压力除了对心血管健康有影响以外,对后代的发育也有一定危害......

孕期女性压力或会影响后代的大脑发育

去年10月,刊登在Biological Psychiatry上的研究报告中,来自伦敦大学国王学院的科学家们发现,在孕前和孕期的女性的压力或会影响胎儿大脑的发育。经过对251名早产儿分析,研究人员发现母源性压力与胎儿大脑发育之间的关联。产前经历更多压力的母亲所生的婴儿大脑中,白质纤维束(钩状束,uncinate fasciculus)的发育会受到明显损伤。此前研究人员认为,白质束与焦虑症发生有关,患有焦虑症的成年人往往会出现白质束的改变。

图片More interventions needed for mothers as prenatal stress could affect baby's brain, say researchers.https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/more-interventions-needed-for-mothers-as-prenatal-stress-could-affect-babys-brain-say-researchers

研究者Alexandra Lautarescu说道,在孕期和婴儿出生前经历较大压力的母亲,其所生的婴儿大脑中的白质会发生一定改变。如果女性孕期经历了不良的心理健康,这或许会导致婴儿出生后的不良健康结局,比如低出生体重或早产等。

人们都说,压力是动力,但我们也认为,它是一种攻击。如果过多压力积压在身体里,身体就需要先调动能量来平衡情绪,储存情绪,处理情绪。这时候免疫系统、内分泌都不够精力来维护其他身体部位了。然后,女性的皮肤会变老、变丑。甚至,还会导致疾病、影响后代。所以,对女性来说,还有什么办法可以减轻压力,抵消带来的影响呢?

去年11月,发表在Neurobiology of Stress《压力神经生物学上的一项研究中,来自美国维克森林大学医学院领导的研究团队表明,采用地中海式饮食可能可以减少心理压力对健康的负面影响,并延缓神经系统的老化。

饮食或将改变人类的生理应激反应

研究人员在43只中年雌性食蟹猴中进行了一项纵向、随机的临床前试验,以验证西方饮食与地中海饮食相比,哪一种会导致更大的生理应激反应?并分别分析了较低的社会地位的长期压力、和社交孤立30分钟的急性压力对动物的影响。结果显示,与西方饮食组动物相比,地中海饮食组的动物表现出更强的应激弹性,这表明它们的交感神经活动和皮质醇对压力的反应较低,自主神经系统的压力恢复能力较强。

 图片心率的变化图Mediterranean diet, stress resilience, and aging in nonhuman primates.Neurobiology of Stress.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100254

该研究通讯作者、维克森林大学医学院病理学和比较医学教授Carol Shively说:“我们的研究表明,地中海饮食改变了对健康有益的副交感神经系统的平衡;相比之下,西方饮食则增加了交感神经对压力的反应,导致它处于兴奋状态,这就好比一直开着恐慌按钮,这对健康是不利的。”

这项研究为期31个月(相当于人类9年),提供了令人信服的证据,证实饮食改变了生理应激反应,对人类健康有着重要的意义。

诚然,地中海饮食可以改善女性的健康。同时,我们认为,对抗压力最好的疗法,是乐观、开心、轻松。

来源:梅斯医学综合报道

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    2021-01-12 ms5000001559080486

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    2021-01-12 ms1000000390525095

    本文系统阐述近期关于压力与女性健康的研究进展,内容翔实,值得阅读

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    2021-01-11 ms1000001047552140

    #女性#健康

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    2021-01-11 代欣

    学到了

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