JACC:即使是糖尿病前期,也与冠心病、慢性肾脏病和心力衰竭风险增加有关!

2021-08-01 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

糖尿病前期和T2DM与ASCVD、CKD和心力衰竭有关

糖尿病肾病 (DKD) 的定义为蛋白尿增加(尿白蛋白排泄量增加的定义为≥3.4 mg/mmol [30 mg/g]),在糖尿病长期病程中肾小球滤过率 (GFR) 进行性降低(1 型糖尿病病程>10 年时出现;在 2 型糖尿病诊断时即可能出现),并且通常伴有视网膜病变。

如果患者糖尿病病程长(>10 年),伴白蛋白尿和/或估算肾小球滤过率 (eGFR) 降低,且没有其他肾损伤原发病因的体征或症状,则通常可临床诊断DKD。

一些症状直到疾病晚期才出现,例如乏力、厌食以及肢体水肿。体征包括高血压、水肿和相关性微血管并发症(糖尿病视网膜病变和神经病变)的出现。在临床尿毒症中,可出现厌食、脑病、恶心呕吐、味觉障碍(味觉改变)、出血、肌阵挛和心包炎。

蛋白尿为特征性实验室发现。随着疾病进展,可能出现肾功能恶化。然而,白蛋白尿加肾小球滤过率 (GFR) 降低的模式正在发生改变,无白蛋白尿但肾小球滤过率降低的情况越来越多见。与有明显蛋白尿的患者相比,这类患者的肾脏预后通常较好。此外,即使在根据糖尿病指南已实现糖尿病控制的患者中,也可能出现 DKD 进展。

糖尿病前期的治疗指南主要侧重于血糖控制和生活方式管理。在这一人群中,很少有基于证据的心血管和肾脏风险降低策略。为此,来自美国麻省总院的专家开展了一项研究,试图描述整个血糖范围内心血管和肾脏的结果。结果发表在JACC杂志上。

在没有流行的1型糖尿病、心血管疾病或肾脏疾病的英国生物库参与者中,Cox模型测试了血糖暴露(2型糖尿病[T2DM]、糖尿病前期、正常血糖)与结果(动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病[ASCVD]、慢性肾脏疾病[CKD]和心衰)的关系,并调整了人口、生活方式和心脏代谢风险因素。

在336709人中(平均年龄:56.3岁,55.4%为女性),46911人(13.9%)被诊断为糖尿病前期,12717人(3.8%)患有T2DM。在11.1年的中位随访中,6476名(13.8%)患有糖尿病前期的个人发展到≥1个事件的结果,其中只有802名(12.4%)在事件诊断之前发展到T2DM。

不同HbA1c水平随着随访时间冠心病的累积发病率

糖尿病前期和T2DM与ASCVD的发病分别增加11%和44%有关(糖尿病前期:aHR=1.11;95%CI:1.08-1.15;T2D:aHR=1.44;95%CI:1.37-1.51);与CKD发病分别增加8%和14%有关(糖尿病前期:aHR=1. 08;95% CI:1.02-1.14;T2D:aHR=1.57;95% CI:1.46-1.69),和心力衰竭分别增加7%和25%有关(糖尿病前期=aHR:1.07;95% CI:1.01-1.14;T2D:aHR=1.25;95% CI:1.14-1.37)。

此外,与血红蛋白A1c(HbA1c)<5.0%相比,HbA1c>5.4%的ASCVD、HbA1c>6.2%的CKD和HbA1c高于7.0%的心力衰竭的共变因素调整风险显著增加。

不同HbA1c水平随着随访时间CKD与心衰的累积发病率

综上,糖尿病前期和T2DM与ASCVD、CKD和心力衰竭有关,但在低于糖尿病阈值的HbA1c水平上观察到一个巨大的风险梯度。这些发现强调了在整个血糖谱系中设计降低风险策略的必要性。

 

参考文献:

Cardiovascular and Kidney Outcomes Across the Glycemic Spectrum: Insights From the UK Biobank. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021 Aug, 78 (5) 453–464

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    2021-12-29 hbwxf
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    2021-08-01 misszhang

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