Psychogeriatrics:痴呆症患者要不要停用抗精神病药物?

2017-09-29 佚名 大话精神

抗精神病药不可避免会出现一些不良反应,对老年人尤甚。那么,停止向老年痴呆患者处方抗精神病药物似乎是合理的,但还有两个问题,那就是“如果停止服用抗精神病药,患者又出现行为问题怎么办?”,“如果中断抗精神病药,对生活质量产生不良影响怎么处理?”

在老年机构中接受长期护理的老年人经常会出现某种神经精神疾病症状,包括攻击性、喊叫、激越和神经错乱。这些行为不仅会对其他人造成伤害,也会影响工作人员。

目前神经精神症状的一线治疗方案往往为心理干预和社会干预,而抗精神病药物则作为二线治疗方案。尽管如此,抗精神病药使用仍很频繁。据估计,超过半数的精神疾患并没有根据指南被处方抗精神病药物,另外有四分之一的患者没有相应的适应症。

抗精神病药不可避免会出现一些不良反应,对老年人尤甚。那么,停止向老年痴呆患者处方抗精神病药物似乎是合理的,但还有两个问题,那就是“如果停止服用抗精神病药,患者又出现行为问题怎么办?”,“如果中断抗精神病药,对生活质量产生不良影响怎么处理?”

那么,到底要不要向痴呆患者处方抗精神病药?

方法

研究人员收集41位从事老年保健的医生的调查问卷。调查内容包括每位医生的年龄、性别、工作年限、护理机构规模、抗精神病药物处方率以及抗精神病药物的替代物使用情况。在这些参与者中,30位(73%)是女性,他们的平均年龄为47岁,有16年的老年护理经验。几乎一半的医生都是在小规模和传统的疗养院工作。并使用计划行为理论(thetheory of planned behaviour,TPB)预测人类行为,调查处方药物的影响因素。

结果

接近一半的受访者认为抗精神病药对患者有积极作用,例如镇静作用。认为不应该停用抗精神病药物的医生认为,抗精神病药物也会给疗养院的工作人员带来积极的后果。而对于那些倾向于停止服用抗精神病药的医生则认为,这些药物会导致患者出现行为问题。

平均22%的患者处方抗精神病药物,没有任何一位医生向超过60%的患者开抗精神病药。超过85%的医生最多向30%的老年患者处方抗精神病药物。医生也会采用替代方案,其中药物治疗使用人数最多,占95%,最常见的替代方案是职业疗法(93%)和药物治疗(93%)。

停用抗精神病药物的意向

绝大多数受访者(65%)表示会倾向于重新考虑抗精神病药物处方。

明确表示停用抗精神病药物的信念

直接态度表明,大部分(66%)认为在老年痴呆患者中使用抗精神病药物是不可取的。关于治疗效果,医生更倾向于与抗精神病药物镇静作用相关的项目(49%),以及降低对工作人员造成伤害的风险(46%)。在员工信念方面,医生认为抗精神病药物有助于减少员工痛苦(66%)、工作量(51%)和心理负担(51%)。

潜在的规范性信念项目表明,大多数医生(61%)认为护理人员会以积极的态度来看待抗精神病药的作用。几乎一半的参与者同意护士和家庭成员会积极看待抗精神病药物的效果,分别为49%和44%。社会压力量表表明,绝大多数参与者不同意中断抗精神病药物。知觉行为控制(perceivedbehavioural control)量表最重要的基本项是信心、控制和能力。大多数医生认为在中断抗精神病药物治疗中,信心占96%,控制占81%,能力占71%。然而,只有不到一半的参与者(44%)认为停药很容易。

目的和行为的TPB变量与中断抗精神病药物的联系

在TPB变量中,只有行为控制与中断抗精神病药的意图显着相关。表明有较高意愿停用抗精神病药物的医师在行为控制方面得分较高(4.1±0.7),高于那些表示有较低意愿的人(3.4±0.7)。

讨论

基于TPB的这项探索性研究旨在概述老年护理医师在停用抗精神病治疗时所感知到的不同影响因素。在这项研究中,大多数的老年护理医师都不认为抗精神病药物对老年病人有一些负面影响。例如,他们不认为抗精神病药物对运动功能、情绪压抑或镇静(如增加镇静功能)有负面影响。

在老年痴呆患者这个弱势群体中,病人处于严重的痴呆状态,并有很高的摔倒风险,因此,不能将运动功能失调归因为抗精神病药物的使用。此外,抗精神病药物与员工的积极后果相关联,例如减少员工的痛苦、工作量和心理压力。这项研究表明,那些暗示有更高意愿中止抗精神病药物的医师,其行为控制的感知能力要高于那些暗示意愿较低的医生。这可能是对停止抗精神病药物的干预措施的一个重要起点。这些干预措施可以集中在增强医生的信念上,即他们能够继续使用这些药物。特别是考虑到医生们说他们有信心并且有能力停止使用抗精神病药。不过,医生也会重视病人周围人的意见(比如医护人员和其他病人)。

原始出处:
Sarah I.M.JANUS, Jeannette G. van MANEN, Sytse U. ZUIDEMA, et al. Reasons for (not) discontinuing antipsychotics in dementia. Japanese Psychogeriatric Society. Jul 2017

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    2018-08-10 Boyinsh
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    2017-09-30 沙漠浪人

    痴呆症越来越多.需要注意

    0

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    2017-09-30 sunfeifeiyang

    那到底如何是好

    0

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    2017-09-29 1e145228m78(暂无匿称)

    学习了谢谢作者分享!

    0

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