Nature:身高谁做主,这83个罕见基因变异影响显著?

2017-02-07 佚名 生物探索

我们都知道,身高是受遗传因素高度影响的一种性状。过去的研究已经发现,近700个常见的遗传变异影响着我们的身高。但是每一个基因突变的影响都很细小,通常仅为1毫米或者更少。即便携带其中一些常见变异,身高最多也只会高或者矮1英寸。 现在,国际人类性状遗传研究协会(GIANT)招募了711,428名成年人,对他们的基因组信息进行了深入分析,找到了83个与身高有关联、罕见的遗传变异。值得注意的是,


我们都知道,身高是受遗传因素高度影响的一种性状。过去的研究已经发现,近700个常见的遗传变异影响着我们的身高。但是每一个基因突变的影响都很细小,通常仅为1毫米或者更少。即便携带其中一些常见变异,身高最多也只会高或者矮1英寸。

现在,国际人类性状遗传研究协会(GIANT)招募了711,428名成年人,对他们的基因组信息进行了深入分析,找到了83个与身高有关联、罕见的遗传变异。值得注意的是,这些遗传变异中,有的对身高的影响程度能够达到2厘米(0.8英寸),是常见遗传变异对身高影响程度的10倍!

这一大规模研究由波士顿儿童医院、Broad研究所、伦敦玛丽女王大学等近280个研究团队共同完成,相关研究成果发表于《Nature》期刊。

83个罕见、低频的遗传变异,显著影响人类身高

过去对于身高、体型、肥胖等性状的研究多采用全基因组关联分析(GWAS)技术,在人类全基因组范围内找出存在的序列变异。这一方法能够快速扫描整个基因组,找到与特定性状相关联的遗传变异。

GWAS能够成功挖掘出常见的基因突变。但是,大多数结果仅仅只决定着1厘米的身高差异,且不能筛选出相对罕见却影响显著的遗传变异。而且,常见的遗传变异大多并不在编码蛋白质的DNA区域,相反,它们多见于非编码区域。这就增加了确定影响基因的难度。

在最新的研究中,波士顿儿童医院和Broad研究所的遗传学家Joel Hirschhorn 带领团队采用了另一种技术——外显子芯片(ExomeChip),以克服GWAS存在的缺陷。他们招募了711,428名成年人,利用外显子芯片技术筛查了他们基因组中近20万种已知却罕见的基因变异。

这些已知的遗传变异被视为一条“捷径”,便于直接找出与疾病或者某一性状相关联的关键基因。过去已有的研究中,这20万种遗传变异大多并未与身高联系在一起。

最终,研究团队找到了83个罕见的遗传变异,它们被证实会直接影响蛋白质表达,从而显著影响人类身高。这其中有51个遗传变异出现的频率相对较低,仅仅存在于5%的人类基因组中;另外32种遗传变异更为罕见,出现的概率仅为0.5%。值得注意的是,有24个基因变异对身高的影响超过1厘米。

蒙特利尔大学医学院教授、蒙特利尔心脏研究所研究员Guillaume Lettre强调:“这83种基因变异,有些对身高的影响超过2厘米,这种影响力是巨大的。除了身高,它们还影响着骨骼的发育、生长激素的分泌和激活。”

扩大研究规模,预测常见疾病的发生风险

研究人员表示,解析这些遗传密码有助于开发遗传工具,用于预测常见疾病的风险。

在这83个遗传变异中,研究人员发现了几个可能与儿童发育缺陷有关的基因,例如STC2基因。携带异常序列的STC2基因会失去活性,从而增加个体的身高1-2厘米。Lettre 解释:“从某种意义上讲,评估药物阻断STC2基因表达的能力可以判断其对身高的影响,该基因有望成为治疗身高相关疾病的作用靶点。”

他们认为:“这一最新研究的成功得益于我们大规模的样本量。研究结果意味着,我们采用的遗传分析方法是可行的。所以,我们可以将其应用于预测常见疾病的发生概率,例如糖尿病、癌症、精神分裂症和心血管疾病。”

这一最新发现意味着,27.4%的身高遗传性可以由这些低频、罕见的遗传变异解释,但主要的遗传因素仍由常见变异调控。通过分析更多的基因组信息,Hirschhorn希望他们能够发现更多的基因突变。据悉,他们最新启动了一项更大规模的研究,试图分析近200万人的遗传数据。他们相信,更全面的研究有助于我们解析人类发育的分子机理,从而获得预防、治疗常见疾病的新线索。

原始出处:

Eirini Marouli, Mariaelisa Graff,Carolina Medina-Gomez,et al.Rare and low-frequency coding variants alter human adult height.Nature.01 February 2017

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    2017-09-03 liye789132251
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    2017-02-09 cqykthl

    基因突变的影响都很细小,通常仅为1毫米或者更少

    0

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    2017-02-09 syscxl
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    2017-02-08 flysky120

    学习一下知识

    0

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    2017-02-08 Arbbin

    未来人类身高也可以药物控制了!

    0

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