全膝关节置换术后多发动脉栓塞死亡1例

2019-11-22 陈兴真 段国庆 任春凤 中国骨与关节损伤杂志

笔者于2018-07采用全膝关节置换术治疗双膝关节类风湿性关节炎1例,术后发生多发动脉栓塞导致死亡,报道如下。

笔者于2018-07采用全膝关节置换术治疗双膝关节类风湿性关节炎1例,术后发生多发动脉栓塞导致死亡,报道如下。

病例报道

患者,女,55岁,因“双膝关节疼痛9年,加重半年”入院。“脑梗塞”病史5年(未留后遗症),“类风湿关节炎”病史15年,长期服用类固醇激素。查体:双膝关节肿胀、畸形,关节间隙压痛,麦氏征(+),过伸过屈试验(+),多处指、趾间关节畸形明显。实验室检查示:类风湿因子78.3IU/ml,血沉117mm/h,血小板765×109/L,活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT):20.6s,血浆纤维蛋白原6.6g/L。双膝X线片示:双膝关节退行性变。初步诊断为双膝关节类风湿性关节炎。患者日常活动受限,要求行全膝关节置换术(TKA)。术前评估静脉血栓栓塞症(VTE)评分1分,经科室讨论后7月13日予以手术,手术进行顺利。7月19日患者右下肢疼痛、麻木,给予盐酸曲马多注射液75mg肌注,疼痛仍不缓解,急查床旁彩超见:双下肢动脉内膜回声增强,右侧胫前动脉、足背动脉未探及,左侧胫前动脉探及稀疏血流信号,疑双侧下肢动脉粥样硬化或栓塞。血管外科会诊,查动脉CTA示:多发动脉栓塞,尤以双下肢动脉闭塞为重。

建议急诊手术:双侧股动脉切开Fogarty导管取栓术。术中于右侧股总动脉处取出14CM血栓、左侧股浅动脉处取出4CM血栓。术后继续抗凝,改善循环等对症治疗。经密切对症治疗,患者病情稳定,敷料干洁、切口无渗液,肢端血运可,屈曲0°~90°,于7月23日出院,嘱继续抗凝治疗。7月26日患者右下肢疼痛加重,症状持续不缓解,以右下肢动脉栓塞、双下肢动脉硬化闭塞症收入血管外科,查体:右下肢花斑、右足青紫、皮温低、循环差,结合患者病史,再次行右股动脉切开取栓术,术后给予前列地尔、罂粟碱改善循环,那屈肝素抗凝。7月29日患者右下肢疼痛加重,不能耐受,伴有明显破溃,检验肌酸激酶同酶为17.44ng/ml,考虑为下肢动脉栓塞缺血所致肢体缺血坏死,与家属沟通后转入创伤骨科行“右大腿截肢术”,术后完善相关辅助检查,CTA提示:脾梗死、肾梗死,即请相关科室会诊,遵风湿免疫会诊意见给予甲强龙0.04g抑制免疫反应,继续同前抗凝。期间患者病情暂时稳定。9月14日患者出现反复头疼,症状持续不缓解,行颅脑MRI示:新发脑梗死,神经内科会诊加用瑞舒伐他汀钙片,阿司匹林肠溶片,嘱密切观察患者病情。9月19日患者突发神志恍惚,说话不清,双上肢肌张力高,急查颅脑CT示大量脑出血,立刻给予营养神经脱水降颅压治疗。与家属沟通后请神经外科行“右侧基底节区血肿钻孔置管体外引流术”,术后04:00患者血压降至86/57mmHg,心率进行性下降,给予肾上腺素0.5g静推后,血压无法监测,大动脉搏动无法触及,双侧瞳孔散大,对光反射消失,心率不能维持,经抢救无效,于2018-09-21,06:45宣布临床死亡。

讨论

广泛研究表明,类风湿关节炎(RA)等自身免疫性疾病可以加速动脉粥样硬化的形成。Ku等在其综述中提到类风湿关节炎通过促炎性因子的释放,引起全身及联性的系统性炎症,导致了动脉粥样硬化的形成,此外还增加了心血管疾病的发病风险,Olumuyiwa-Akeredolu等研究表明,RA对红细胞及其细胞膜完整性的影响,改变了血液流变学和心血管功能。同时Alkaabi等研究发现,长期服用类固醇激素的患者,动脉粥样硬化发生率比对照组要高。所以推测本患者RA导致的周围血管疾病,加之长期服用类固醇激素,血液流体学改变,是此次事件发生的基础。还有术中使用止血带也可能是血栓行成的一个诱发因素。TKA术中常规使用止血带,可以减少术中失血,有利于术中操作,但是止血带的使用也会有一些不利方面。

据Dossche等报道,手术过程中,止血带通过机械压力减少术中出血的同时,也会损伤粥样硬化的动脉,致使斑块破裂和移动,加重周围血管疾病损伤,使血栓发生的概率升高。因此Abu等提倡伴有严重的周围血管疾病的患者在行全膝关节置换术时应避免使用止血带。

对类风湿关节炎患者,尤其是长期服用激素者术前应密切关注患者血液流体学改变及动脉血管病变,如有严重的动脉粥样硬化应谨慎手术,建议对长期处于动脉粥样硬化危险因素下的患者术前常规行血液流变检查及下肢动脉彩超检查。对已有动脉粥样硬化确需手术的患者,尽量避免止血带对斑块的刺激,避免对患者造成无法弥补的伤害。

原始出处:

陈兴真,段国庆,任春凤.全膝关节置换术后多发动脉栓塞死亡1例[J].中国骨与关节损伤杂志,2019,34(10):1120.

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    2020-08-10 yxch48
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两组患者在60个月内疼痛均有明显改善。虽然ITT分析显示TKR的使用率没有统计学显著差异,但接受APM治疗患者的TKR利用率更高。

一期截骨矫形内固定联合导航引导下全膝关节置换术治疗伴有股骨关节外畸形的膝骨关节炎1例

合并股骨侧关节外畸形的膝骨关节炎患者行全膝关节置换术是关节外科医师面临的重要难题之一。手术面临的困难通常包括:股骨髓腔杆置入困难、关节内差异性截骨对侧副韧带的影响、不同平面的畸形是否需要截骨、一期截骨联合关节置换还是分期治疗、截骨后如何选择固定方式等。利用导航技术行全膝关节置换时术中可以不使用髓腔定位杆,避免了困难髓腔以及截骨矫形时内固定的阻挡,同时术中可以精准的控制力线,减少扩髓时的出血及脂肪栓

J Rheumatol:美国的全关节置换率

预计未来美国THA和TKA的使用量将明显增加。

2019 ERAS建议:全髋关节置换术和全膝关节置换术围术期护理共识声明

2019年10月,促进术后恢复学会(ERAS)发布了全髋关节置换术和全膝关节围术期护理共识声明建议,主要目的是针对接受全髋关节置换术和全膝关节置换术围术的患者围术期护理提供指导建议,共涉及17个领域。

J Rheumatol:类风湿性关节炎骨科手术的趋势—17年全国住院患者登记结果

80岁以下患者的THA、以及60岁以下患者的TKA和ULA均有所下降。

Ann Rheum Dis:使用英国数据建立和验证初次全髋关节和膝关节置换术的风险预测模型

这两种预测模型具有良好的区分和校准能力,可以估计个体的THR和TKR风险,并已在大规模、具有全国代表性的数据中得到验证。